6-风化作用及产物课稿.ppt

Weathering and the Production of Sediment Surface Portion of the Geological Cycle Types of Sedimentary Material The most important (volumetric) sedimentary materials: Quartz/polyquartz Clay minerals Illite; Kaolinite; Mixed layer/expandable; Chlorite Feldspar Carbonate minerals Calcite Dolomite Rock fragments Types of Sedimentary Material Terrigenous Clastics (TC) Detrital Particles Derived from pre-existing rocks Derived external to the depositional basin Transported by surface processes to the site of deposition Particulate Residues: quartz, feldspar, rock fragments, etc (unaltered rock forming mineral/rock grains) Secondary Minerals: minerals new-formed in the surface weathering environment: clay minerals, oxides, amorphous silica, etc Types of Sedimentary Material Allochemical Particles formed in situ (at the site of deposition); of chemical/ biochemical origin Carbonates: ooids, fossil fragments, pellets, lithoclasts Glauconite, phosphate :insitu authigenic/particulate minerals Biogenic sediments: pelagic tests, siliceous and calcareous Types of Sedimentary Material Orthochemical Components Chemical Precipitates Secondary cement Primary chemical sediments: halite, etc Organic Particulate Material (detrital organic matter ) terrestrial and particulate marine pelagic 95% found in mudrocks and indicative of low Eh and low current strength Types of Sedimentary Material Pyroclasts particles fragmented and transported by volcanic processes Tephra: tuff deposits Volcanic mudflows: lahar and volcanic breccia deposits Production of TC sediment Provenance All aspects of sediment genesis Protolith (Source Rock type) Climate/Weathering Topography (bedrock slope angle) Transport History Reworking Modification at the depositional site Primary Composition and Texture of TC sediment is a function of : Parent Rock Composition Surface Geological Processes “The mineralogic maturity of a clastic sediment is the extent to which it approaches the ultimat