askelandphulenotes-ch05printable.ppt

The Science and Engineering of Materials, 4th edDonald R. Askeland – Pradeep P. Phulé Chapter 5 – Atom and Ion Movements in Materials Example 5.5 Diffusion of Nickel in Magnesium Oxide (MgO) A 0.05 cm layer of magnesium oxide (MgO) is deposited between layers of nickel (Ni) and tantalum (Ta) to provide a diffusion barrier that prevents reactions between the two metals (Figure 5.17). At 1400oC, nickel ions are created and diffuse through the MgO ceramic to the tantalum. Determine the number of nickel ions that pass through the MgO per second. The diffusion coefficient of nickel ions in MgO is 9 ? 10-12 cm2/s, and the lattice parameter of nickel at 1400oC is 3.6 ? 10-8 cm. Figure 5.17 Diffusion couple (for Example 5.5) ?2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning? is a trademark used herein under license. Example 5.5 SOLUTION The composition of nickel at the Ni/MgO interface is 100% Ni, or The composition of nickel at the Ta/MgO interface is 0% Ni. Thus, the concentration gradient is: Example 5.5 SOLUTION (Continued) The flux of nickel atoms through the MgO layer is: The total number of nickel atoms crossing the 2 cm ? 2 cm interface per second is: Total Ni atoms per second = J(Area) = (1.54 ? 1013 atoms/cm2.s) (2 cm)(2 cm) = 6.16 ? 1013 Ni atoms/s Section 5.6 Factors Affecting Diffusion Temperature and the Diffusion Coefficient (D) Types of Diffusion - volume diffusion, grain boundary diffusion, Surface diffusion Time Dependence on Bonding and Crystal Structure Dependence on Concentration of Diffusing Species and Composition of Matrix ?2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning? is a trademark used herein under license. Figure 5.18 The diffusion coefficient D as a function of reciprocal temperature for some metals and ceramics. In the Arrhenius plot, D represents the rate of the diffusion process. A steep slope denotes a high activation energy Figure 5.19 Diff