三级语法整理.docVIP

虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式，表示听说的话不是一个事实，而只是一种假设、愿望、建议、怀疑、猜测或不大可能实现的空想。虚拟语气用在条件状语从句中，通常从句由连词if 引导。各虚拟条件句的构成是： 条件状语从句 主句 与现在事实相反 If + 主语+ 动词过去式 主语+ would/ should/ could/ might + 原形动词（be 的过去式用were） 与过去事实相反 If + 主语+ 动词过去完成式 主语+ would/ should/ could/ might + have + 过去分词 与将来事实相反 If + 主语+ should + 动词原形 主语+ would/ should/ could/ might （或 were + 不定式） + 原形动词 If 从句 主句 与现在事实相反 Were/ did Would do 与过去事实相反 Had done Would have done 与将来事实相反 Should do/ were to do Would do 英语时态用法 现在完成时是英语时态中最不好掌握的时态，因为对我们来说，它很难在汉语中找到相对应的说法，下面笔者从几个方面分析一下现在完成时的用法。1．现在完成时的定义：动作发生在过去，对现在的影响和结果。2．强调过去的动作和状态对现在产生的影响和结果。常用的时间状语有：already, yet, never，有时没有时间状语；多是一般疑问句。I have already seen the film.Have you decided yet?3．刚刚和最近发生的动作和状态。常用的时间状语有：just, lately, recently, in the past few days/weeks注意：just 和just now用不同的时态，just now(刚才)一般用过去时。I have just phoned him?I have visited my parents recently.4．从过去一直延续到现在的动作和状态。常用的时间状语有：since, （可用作介词和连词）for 注意：主句的谓语动词一般是延续性的动词，如果是否定形式，主句的谓语动词可用瞬间动词，否则，不能用瞬间动词。I have lived here for 20 years.I have lived here since I came to this cityI have learned English since 10 years ago.He hasnt come to visit us for a few months.5．从过去到现在一段时间的动作和状态。常用的时间状语有：up till now, so far, in this morning, in this week, in this year, in my life注意：这两句话的区别I have seen him this morning. (时间还在上午)I saw him this morning. (时间不是在上午了)We have learned so many things from you so far.I have seen any bird like this in my life.6．对过去的体验和经历。常用的时间状语有：before, ever, once, twice, many times注意：这两句话的区别I have been to Beijing （去过北京）I have gone to Beijing（去北京了，人还没回来〕Have you seen tiger before?I have been to Shanghai many times.。现在一般时与现在完成时1) I come from Shanghai(上海人）I have come from Shanghai（从上海来）2) You read very well. (强调能力）Youve read very well. （强调一次刚完成的动作）3) I forget.(一时想不起来了）I have forgotten.（仍没想起来，可能已回忆起来了）4) The book is written in simple English. (表状态）The book has been written in simple English.（表动态，已用英语写成）5) Every time I see him, hes been reading. （两个动作不可能同时进行）Every time I have seen him,