4 Reduction.pptVIP

4. Noise reduction techniques Outline Direct reduction Bipolar vs. CMOS Filtering Use of feedback Low frequency noise reduction Oversampling Spectral shaping Direct reduction – bipolar transistor Based on the noise model, the input referred noise can be reduced by Increasing the transconductance Reducing the bias currents (IB and IC) Maximizing the current gain, b Direct reduction - MOSFET Based on the noise model, the input referred noise can be reduced by Increasing the transconductance Since the transconductance is maximized at weak inversion, transistor operated under weak inversion may provide better noise performance Maximizing the gate area (WL) to reduce the flicker noise It has been found that p-MOS has low flicker noise than n-MOS transistor (possibly due to the large tunneling barrier for holes)* BJT vs. MOSFET BJT Low flicker noise, one or two orders of magnitude lower than MOSFET MOSFET Low input current noise, therefore suitable for large source resistance Noise efficiency factor (NEF) - 1 Noise efficiency factor (NEF) - 2 Noise efficiency factor (NEF) - 3 Filtering Filter out unwanted noise and interferences Highpass filter – remove DC and low frequency noise Notch filter – remove 50/60 Hz interference Lowpass filter – remove high frequency noise and define the system noise bandwidth From noise aspect, the system bandwidth should be as low as possible, provided that other specifications are met. Highpass system is not desirable High-order filter may be needed in order to preserve the signal content Beware of the noise from filter itself. Use of feedback - 1 Use of feedback - 2 Use of feedback - 3 Low frequency noise reduction Autozero Correlated double sampling (CDS) Chopper Nested chopper Autozero at input Autozero at output Autozero effect There are two noise sources in autozero amplifier Noise from amplifier (normally contains DC offset, flicker and white thermal noise) Thermal noise from switches Both are sampled and held during the