AE 1350 Lecture Notes #8.pptVIP

AE 1350 Lecture Notes #8 We have looked at.. Airfoil Nomenclature Lift and Drag forces Lift, Drag and Pressure Coefficients The Three Sources of Drag: skin friction drag in laminar and turbulent flow form drag wave drag Airfoil Drag Polar Cd vs. Cl Form Drag Supersonic wave Drag Shock waves How can shock waves be minimized? Use wing sweep. Use supercritical airfoils, which keep the flow velocity over the airfoil and the local Mach number from exceeding Mach 1.1 or so. Use area rule- the practice of making the aircraft cross section area (from nose to tail, including the wing) vary as smoothly as possible. How can shock waves be minimized? In your design... The Maximum Mach number is 0.85 Wings for supersonic fighters are designed to reduce wave drag up to 80% of the Maximum speed. In our case, 80% of 0.85 is 0.68. If we use a wing leading edge sweep angle of 30 degrees or so, the Mach number normal to the leading edge is 0.68 cos 30° ~ 0.6 Effect of Thickness and Sweep on Wave Drag Supercritical Airfoils Conventional vs. Supercritical Airfoils Wing Drag Since a wing is made up of airfoils, it has skin friction drag profile drag wave drag at high speeds, and Induced drag due to tip vortices TIP VORTICES Effect of Tip Vortices Induced Drag Variation of Drag with Speed At High Values of a Wings Stall Achieving High Lift Leading Edge SlatsHelp avoid stall near the leading edge High Lift also Causes High Drag * Rough airfoils have turbulent flow over them, high drag. Smooth airfoils have laminar flow over at least a portion of the surface. Low Drag. Source: /aerojava/flight46.htm Form drag may be reduced by proper design, and streamlining the shape. For a given airfoil or wing or aircraft, as the Mach number is increased, the drag begins to increase above a freestream Mach number of 0.8 or so due to shock waves that form around the configuration. Use sweep. M= 0.8 0.8cos30? 30 ? sweep Source: /office/pao/History/SP-468/ch10-4.htm Their shape is modified to keep t