重子声学振荡In cosmology.docxVIP

??重子声学振荡In cosmology, baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO) refers to an overdensity or clustering of baryonic matter at certain length scales due to acoustic waves which propagated in the early universe.[1] In the same way that supernova experiments provide a standard candle for astronomical observations,[2] BAO matter clustering provides a standard ruler for length scale in cosmology.[1] The length of this standard ruler (~150 Mpc in todays universe[3]) can be measured by looking at the large scale structure of matter using astronomical surveys.[3] BAO measurements help cosmologists understand more about the nature of dark energy (the acceleration of the universe) by constraining cosmological parameters.[1]? ?? ??宇宙学中,重子声学振荡(BAO)是指由于声波在早期宇宙中传播而在一定尺度上形成的高密度区域或者重子物质的结团.超新星实验为天文学观测提供了一个”标准烛光”,与此相同,BAO造成的物质结团在宇宙学中为长度提供了一个”标准尺度”.这个标准尺度的的长度(在今天的宇宙中大概是1.5亿秒差距)可以通过天文巡天查看物质的大尺度结构来测量.BAO的测量通过限制宇宙学参数的方式来帮助宇宙学家了解更多的暗能量(即宇宙的加速膨胀)的本性.Contents1 The Early Universe2 Cosmic Sound3 Standard Ruler4 BAO Signal in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey5 BAO and Dark Energy Formalism? ?? ? 5.1 General Relativity and Dark Energy? ?? ? 5.2 Measured Observables of Dark Energy6??References7 External links目录1 早期宇宙2 宇宙的声音3 标准尺度4 斯隆数字巡天(Sloan Digital Sky Survey)中的BAO信号5 BAO与暗能量的公式化形式? ?5.1广义相对论与暗能量? ?5.2 暗能量的可测量性6 参考文献7 外部链接The Early Universe早期宇宙?The early universe consisted of a hot, dense plasma of electrons and baryons (protons and neutrons). Photons (light particles) traveling in this universe were essentially trapped, unable to travel for any considerable distance before interacting with the plasma via Thomson scattering.[4] As the universe expanded, the plasma cooled to below 3000 K—a low enough energy such that the electrons and protons in the plasma could combine to form neutral hydrogen atoms. This recombination happened when the universe was around 400,000 years old, or at a redshift of z = 1100.[4] Photons rarely interact with neutral matter, therefore at recombination the universe suddenly beca