真核生物基因表达调控讲解.ppt

x染色体失活或里昂化（lyonization）。是指雌性哺乳类细胞中两条X染色体的其中之一失去活性的现象，过程中X染色体会被包装成异染色质，进而因功能受抑制而沉默化。 　　里昂化可使雌性不会因为拥有两个X染色体而产生两倍的基因产物，因此可以像雄性般只表现一个X染色体上的基因。对胎盘类，如老鼠与人类而言，所要去活化的X染色体是以随机方式选出；对于有袋类而言，则只有源自父系的才会发生x染色体失活。 所有老鼠细胞中的父系X染色体，都会在胚胎发育早期过程中的双细胞到四细胞阶段，经历因铭印而失去活性的过程。其中属于胚外组织（extraembryonictissue，未来的胎盘）中的X染色体，将会持续保留x染色体失活状态，因此在此部位只有母系X染色体具有活性。 　　而属于内细胞团（innercellmass，未来的胚胎）的X染色体，将会在囊胚（blastocyst）时期再度恢复活性，此时这些部位内的两条染色体皆有作用。之后两条染色体的其中之一，将会独立且随机地失去活性，而且包括此细胞后代的X染色体在内，其活性将再也不会恢复。 5. Translational Initiation: Since many mRNAs have multiple methionine codons, the ability of ribosomes to recognize and initiate synthesis from the correct AUG codon can affect the expression of a gene product. Several examples have emerged demonstrating that some eukaryotic proteins initiate at non-AUG codons. This phenomenon has been known to occur in E. coli for quite some time, but only recently has it been observed in eukaryotic mRNAs. 6. Post-Translational Modification: Common modifications include glycosylation, acetylation, fatty acylation, disulfide bond formations, etc. 7. Protein Transport: proteins must be biologically active following translation and processing, they must be transported to their site of action. 8. Control of Protein Stability: Many proteins are rapidly degraded, whereas others are highly stable. Specific amino acid sequences in some proteins have been shown to bring about rapid degradation Control of Eukaryotic Transcription Initiation  Transcription of the different classes of RNAs in eukaryotes is carried out by three different polymerases. RNA pol I synthesizes the rRNAs, except for the 5S species. RNA pol II synthesizes the mRNAs and some small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) involved in RNA splicing. RNA pol III synthesizes the 5S rRNA and the tRNAs. The vast majority of eukaryotic RNAs are subjected to post-transcriptional processing. The most complex controls observed in eukaryotic genes are those that regulate the expression of RNA pol II-transcribed genes, the mRN