2culture_and_communication.pptVIP

4. Culture Is Ethnocentric the view of things in which one’s own group is the center of everything, and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it 5. Culture Is Subject to Change A. Cultures are highly adaptive. three common mechanisms: innovation, diffusion, and acculturation. Jews, Japanese B. Although many aspects of culture are subject to change, the deep structure of a culture resist major alterations. Innovation: is usually defined as the discovery of new practices, tools, or concepts that many members of the culture eventually accept and that may produce slight changes in social habits and behaviors. Diffusion(文化渗透）: is the borrowing by one culture from another. Historically, diffusion has been part of cultural contact for as long as cultures have existed. Acculturation（文化适应，涵化）: as a type of cultural change, occurs when a society undergoes drastic culture change under the influence of a more dominant culture and society with which it has come in contact. Addition (of new elements) +elimination (certain previous elements) +reorganization = both social and psychological adaptation Part of this process involves learning the appropriate linguistic habits to function within the target-language group (Second lang. Learning) Communication 跨文化交流是同文化交流的变体。跨文化交流过程也可以看作是人类信息的相互交换中不同符号系统的信息相互送出和接受的过程。 Communication has the case as various definitions as culture. “Communication is a dynamic, systematic process in which meanings are created and reflected in human interaction with symbols.” (Samovar, 2000:24). Such a definition emphasizes the words “interaction” and “symbols”. That is, human beings interact with each other via symbols. 交流也有一百多种定义，基本上可分为两大派：一是“说服”派，认为交流是信息发送者通过渠道把信息传给信息接受者，以引起反应的过程，即传送者传递刺激，以影响接受者行为的过程。另一“共享”派，认为交流是使一个人或数个人所独有的信息，化为两个人或更多人所共有的过程。 Communication Models 美国政治学家Lasswell 五W的模式 数学家香农（Claude Shannon)及助手韦弗（Weaver） 1949年提出的传播模式 含义：整个传播过程中存在与通道中的噪音干扰可能会导致发出的信号与接受的信号之间产生差别,从而使得由信源发出的讯息与由接收器还原并到达信宿的讯息二者的含义可能不一样