askelandphulenotes-20MagneticProperties.pptVIP

The Science and Engineering of Materials, 4th edDonald R. Askeland – Pradeep P. Phulé Chapter 20 – Photonic Materials Objectives of Chapter 20 To present a summary of fundamental principles that have guided applications of optical materials. To explore two avenues by which we can use the optical properties of materials: emission of photons from materials and interaction of photons with materials. Chapter Outline 20.1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 20.2 Refraction, Reflection, Absorption, and Transmission 20.3 Selective Absorption, Transmission, or Reflection 20.4 Examples and Use of Emission Phenomena 20.5 Fiber Optic Communication System Light is energy, or radiation, in the form of waves or particles called photons that can be emitted from a material. The important characteristics of the photons—their energy E, wavelength λ, and frequency ν—are related by the equation Index of refraction - Relates the change in velocity and direction of radiation as it passes through a transparent medium also known as refractive index . Dispersion - Frequency dependence of the refractive index. Reflectivity - The percentage of incident radiation that is reflected. Linear absorption coefficient - Describes the ability of a material to absorb radiation. Photoconduction - Production of a voltage due to the stimulation of electrons into the conduction band by light radiation. Design a filter that preferentially absorbs Kβ x-rays from the nickel spectrum but permits Kα x-rays to pass with little absorption. This type of filter is used in x-ray diffraction XRD analysis of materials. Example 20.6 Design/Materials Selection for an X-ray Filter ?2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning? is a trademark used herein under license. Figure 20.12 Elements have a selective lack of absorption of certain wavelengths. If a filter is selected with an absorption edge between the Kα and Kβ peaks of an x-ray spectrum, all x-rays except Kα are absorbed for Example 2