微生物学ppt3.pptVIP

Classification of organisms in terms of energy Mixotrophs: Organisms capable of using inorganic compounds as energy source (electron donor) and organic compounds as carbon source. Sources of energy for microorganisms. Most microorganisms employ one of three energy sources. Phototrophs trap radiant energy from the sun using pigments such as bacteriochlorophyll and chlorophyll. Chemotrophs oxidize reduced organic and inorganic nutrients to liberate and trap energy. The three stages of catabolism. A general diagram of aerobic catabolism in a chemoorganoheterotroph showing the three stages in this process and the central position of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Although there are many different proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids, they are degraded through the activity of a few common metabolic pathways. The dashed lines show the flow of electrons, carried by NADH and FADH2, to the electron transport chain. Electron donors and acceptors Patterns of Energy Release. Fermentation is the energy-yielding process in which an organic electron donor gives electrons to an endogenous acceptor, usually an intermediate derived from catabolism of the nutrient. In respiration, the electrons are donated to an exogenous acceptor, either oxygen (aerobic respiration) or some other acceptor such as nitrate or sulfate (anaerobic respiration). Reduced inorganic compounds also can serve as electron donors in energy production (chemolithotrophy). The electron tower. O-R couples are arranged from the strongest reductants (negative reduction potentials) at the top to tin strongest oxidants (positive reduction potentials) at the bottom. As electrons are donated from the top of the tower, they can be “caught” by acceptors at various levels. The farther the electrons fall before they are caught, the greats the difference in reduction potential between electron donor and electron acceptor and the more energy is released. As an example of this, on the left is shown the differences in ene