词汇与语法(4非谓语动词)2009年11月.ppt

Non-infinitive 一、分类： 1、动词不定式（to）do 2、分词 doing/ done 3、动名词 doing 二、特点： 1、不能单独作谓语 2、没有人称和数的变化 不定式的句法功能 1.作主语： To make a speech here is an honor. To lose heart means failure. 动词不定式短语作主语时，常用形式主语it作形式主语，如上两句可用如下形式： It is an honor to make a speech here. It means failure to lose heart. 不定式的句法功能-主语 常用结构： It+be+ adj./n.+ for sb. to do sth. It+be+ adj. + of sb. to do sth. =sb. be + adj. + to do sth. It’s necessary for us to have a good knowledge of English. It is foolish of you to make such a mistake. =You are foolish to make such a mistake. 与of连用的形容词 clever, silly, foolish, stupid, wise, kind, rude, impolite, careless, cruel, crazy, etc （事物本身具备的某种特质） 不定式的句法功能 2.作表语： Her wish is to become a novelist. He appears to have caught a cold. 不定式一般紧跟在系动词如be, seem, remain, appear等后面,用来说明主语的内容。 这类结构中的主语一般为名词，如：idea, purpose, hope, plan, intention, wish, dream, etc.  eg.) My purpose is to teach them a lesson.  不定式的句法功能-表语 有时句子主语也可以是不定式或名词性从句 To be strict with students is to be responsible for them. What I want to do is (to )tell you the truth. 如果主语中含有do的任何形式, 那么不定式可以省去to. The only thing he could do was ( to) tell the truth. 不定式的句法功能 3.作宾语： A. 动词+ to do常见动词: hope, wish, long, want, refuse, pretend, promise, agree, aim, decide, expect, offer, fail, plan, learn, manage, intend, desire, etc. I longed to become an artist. He helped (to) bring up the orphan. 不定式的句法功能-宾语 B.动词+(间接宾语)+疑问词+ to do 常见动词: know, decide, wonder, learn, remember, understand, find out, etc.  I don’t know what to say to comfort her. The farmer showed us how to milk the cow. 不定式的句法功能-宾语 C.动词+ it+宾语补足语+( for sb.)+ to do 常见动词:find, consider, think, make, feel,  通常不说： I think to recite some English articles is important for you. I think it important for you to recite some English articles.  不定式的句法功能-宾语 D.介词but, except后可接to do作宾语 注意句中谓语或非谓语部分含有do，那么不定式可省去to  Seeing the room crowded, I had no choice but to stand in the dark. Seeing the room crowded, I could do nothing but stand in the dark