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Old and Medieval English literature 1. Beowulf the greatest old English poem, partly historical + legendary. The Celts, Julius Caesar, Anglo-Saxons ancestors old English. 2. Medieval romance knights, 3 categories: France Rome Britain 3. Geoffrey Chaucer The Canterbury Tales and the heroic couplet Significance: ①comprehensive picture, ②dramatic structure links , ③humor, ④English language. [English beautiful express moods] 4. popular ballads Robin Hood and the ballad meter Characteristics: ①abrupt,②dramatic elements,③dialogue + action,④tragic,⑤ballad meter The English Renaissance 1. Edmund Spenser Faerie Queene [Allegorical romance, epic form]and the Spenserian stanza the paragraph 2. Christopher Marlowe The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus [infinite knowledge + atheism + patriotism] blank verse. 3. William Shakespeare Major tragedies: Hamlet; Othello; King Lear; Macbeth Major comedies: A Midsummer Night’s Dream; The Merchant of Venice; As You Like It; The Twelfth Night Sonnet 18 Points: ①desires + aspirations,②humanism,③characterization,④originality,⑤great poet,⑥English language master Sonnets: Petrarch, Thomas Wyatt + Earl of Surrey The 17th Century Francis Bacon Essays “Of Studies” John Donne A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning and Metaphysical Poetry John Milton: Paradise Lost [blank verse, Miltonic style Latinate, inversion+allusion , monarch hatred+for humanistic elements] John Bunyan: The Pilgrim’s Progress [allegory+satire, help prose and modern English novel] The 18th Century Historical background 1688 Features: ①political writings②newspapers and journals③coffeehouses④new morality reason ⑤science and technology Newton, John Locke ⑥French influence Daniel Defoe: Robinson Crusoe[glorifies individual experience and labour], Moll Flanders[autobiography] Jonathan Swift: Gulliver’s Travels, “A Modest Proposal” Neo-classism and Alexander Pope : Neo-classicism:①emphasize reason rather than emotion, form rather than content②didactic and sat