mar120_lecture_08.pptVIP

OVERVIEW Fundamental Character of bending Shear Locking Performance of Standard 2D solid Elements Cantilever Beam Case Improvement of Quad 4 Reduced Integration and Hourglassing Detecting and Controlling Hourglassing Performance of Assumed Strain 2D Solid Elements Effects of a Distorted Mesh in Assumed Strain Elements Second Order Reduced Integration Elements Herrmann Formulation Elements Guidelines for Selecting Elements FUNDAMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BENDING  ONE ELEMENT Linear variation of axial strain, exx, through the thickness y?direction . No membrane shear strain fibers remain normal . No strain in the thickness direction, ezz, if we take Poisson’s ratio as zero . Linear element wrongly computes shear strain at the integration points because fibers remain straight. SHEAR LOCKING Fully integrated 1st order 4 node quad elements, such as Type 3, in bending: The element detects shear strains that are physically non-existent but are present solely because of the numerical formulation used. The locked shear absorbs energy from the work done by external forces and so the computed deflection is less than the physical one. To control this problem there are special element types named; Reduced Integration RI and Assumed Strain AS RI, AS, and quadratic elements are next discussed REDUCED INTEGRATION AND HOURGLASSING Reduced Integration recurs to using for linear elements a single integration point in the center of the element, as shown. Because the fibers passing through the point remain normal, no shear locking occurs. However a new problem develops, called Hourglassing because of the shape taken by pairs of elements as shown in this page. Others refer to it as “keystoning” because of the trapezoidal shape of the upper half. Hourglassing may be controlled by using the Assumed Strain formulation or by stacking up enough number of elements. Hourglassing can usually be seen in deformed shape plots by simply inspecting a plot of deformations in exaggerated