As It Was in the Beginning： The Vicious Cycle of Corruption in Nigeria.docVIP

As It Was in the Beginning： The Vicious Cycle of Corruption in Nigeria 　　[a]Oxford Department of International Development， University of Oxford， Oxford， England， UK. 　　Corresponding author. 　　Received 12 June 2013； accepted 8 August 2013 　　Abstract 　　Corruption， both in its high and low typologies， is an enduring problem in Africa and is widely believed to constitute a major drag on the continent’s progress and development writ large. This paper focuses on the development of the problem of high-level corruption， and struggles against it， in Africa’s most populous and oil-rich country， Ni