01-09管理考研真题.docVIP

2001年招收攻读硕士学位研究生考试试题招生专业：管理类各专业? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?考试科目：管理学注意：答案请一律写在答题纸上，写在试题上无效。一、 比较下列概念（每小题5分，共25分）1、正式组织与非正式组织2、管理跨度与管理层次3、直接控制与间接控制(⑴间接控制间接控制是指根据计划和标准考核工作的实际结果，分析出现偏差的原因，并追究责任者的个人责任以使其改进未来工作的一种控制方法，多见于上级管理者对下级人员工作过程的控制。这种控制方式是建立在如下假设基础上的： ①工作成效是可以计量的，因而也是可以相互比较的（事实上，很多管理部门或职位的绩效是很难计量和相互比较的。即使确定了定量评价的标准，这些定量标准也可能对其绩效起误导作用）； ②人们对工作任务负有个人责任，个人责任是清晰的、可以分割的和相互比较的，而且个人的尽责程度也是可以比较的（实际上，很多活动的责任是多个部门共同承担的，而且工作绩效也可能与个人责任感无关）； ③分析偏差和追究责任所需的时间、费用等是有充分保证的（事实上，有时上级主管人员可能不愿意化时间和费用去分析引起偏差的事实真相）； ④出现的偏差可以预料并能及时发现； ⑤有关责任单位和责任人将会采取纠正措施（事实上，推卸责任是很普遍的现象）。间接控制并非普遍有效的控制方法， 它尚存在着许多不完善的地方。 ⑵直接控制直接控制是指通过提高主管人员素质，使他们改善管理工作，从而防止出现因管理不善而造成的不良后果的一种控制方式。这种控制模式的特点是通过培训等形式，着力提高主管人员的素质和责任感，并在控制过程中实施自我控制。 in plaque; four people into housing estates such as temperature in the shed beside a pile of dead leaves. At this point, running footsteps village people, down with Japan devil, dare it! to avenge dead! Red shasheng, slogan, roar of the bullet, grenade explosions were heard. After about half an hour after the gunfire stopped, came the sound of boots trampling the enemy, flogged, inmates issued a cry of pain. At this time, 5, 6 the devil entered the Department a few people hiding the mansion, kicked open the shed door, suddenly a beam of light came in, I saw the Devil with a bayoneted gun, that pile of dry leaves dump to the corner stamp. The scene, hiding behind that plaque, Xie Chengji was seen clearly, see the danger he issued blimey shrieks, which fell from behind the plaque. Sheds and tossing the Devils heard the cry, they rushed onto the Hall, Xie was stabbing with bayonets, Xie Chengji was blood like a fountain, and herring. When the second batch of Devils come in, a look at the Windows and doors wide open, lay corpses in the House, only a perfunctory look at, left in a hurry. Xies tragic death, but Wen Yongzhi, 4 people had been saved. That day, the farmers in the village virtually gone, leaving behind several people could not bear to