第九章地理信息系统.pptVIP

第九章 地理信息系统 沈蔚 博士 上海水产大学 海洋学院 1 GIS 的概念 数据(Data)与信息(Information) 两者在词义上的差别：数据是信息的表达，信息则是数据的内容； 数据是客观对象的表示，只有当数据对实体行为产生影响时才成为信息； 信息是当代社会发展的一项重要任务。 1 GIS 的概念 地理信息(Geographical Information) 地理信息是指表征地理圈或地理环境固有要素或物质的数量、质量、分布特征、联系和规律等的数字、文字、图像和图形等的总称； 地理信息属于空间信息，它具有空间定位特征、多维结构特征和动态变化特征。 地理信息系统的定义 (1) A special case of information systems where the database consists of observations on spatially distributed features, activities, or events, which are definable in space as points, lines, or areas. A GIS manipulates data about these points, lines, and areas to retrieve data for ad-hoc queries and analyses. (Dueker, 1979) (2) An automated set of functions that provides professionals with advanced capabilities for the storage, retrieval, manipulation, and display of geographically located data. (Ozemoy et al., 1981) 地理信息系统的定义 (3) A powerful set of tools for collecting, storing, retrieving at will, transforming and displaying spatial data from the real world. (Burrough, 1986) (4) A system for capturing, storing, checking, manipulating, analysing and displaying data which are spatially referenced the Earth. (DoE, 1987) (5) Database system in which most of the data are spatially indexed, and upon which a set of procedures operated in order to answer queries about spatial entities in the database. (Smith et al., 1987) 地理信息系统的定义 (6) A decision support system involving the integration of spatially referenced data in a problem-solving environment (Cowen, 1988) (7) An information technology which stores, analyses, and displays both spatial and non-spatial data. (Parker, 1988) (8) Any manual or computer based set of procedures used to store and manipulate geographically referenced data. (Aronoff, 1989) 地理信息系统的定义 地理信息系统的定义 地理信息系统（GIS, Geographic Information System ） 是在计算机软硬件支持下，运用系统工程和信息科学的理论，科学管理和综合分析具有空间内涵的地理数据，以提供对规划、管理、决策和研究所需信息的技术系统 地理信息系统 (Geographical Information Systems - GIS) GIS与其他系统的区别 3 GIS 的基本功能 数据的采集与处理 数据库管理 空间分析与应用模型构建 结果显示与输出 数据的采集 符号属性的编辑 矢量数据的编辑 图层的编辑 GIS数