初中生物竞赛试与解法示例(实验部分).doc

初中生物竞赛试题与解法示例（实验部分） 一、例题解析 例1．用显微镜的几组不同镜头来观察同一装片，下列哪组目镜和物镜配合使用，分辨力最高? （ ） Ａ．5×和10× Ｂ．5×和40× Ｃ．5×和100×（油） Ｄ．15×和40× 解析：显微镜能区分两物点之间最小距离的能力称为分辨力，这个距离越小，分辨力越高。显微镜的总放大倍数等于目镜倍数乘以物镜倍数。显微镜的总放大倍数与分辨力是两个完全不同的概念，要区分开来。分辨力（R）可用公式表示为：Ｒ＝0．61λ/Ｎ·Ａ，Ｒ值越小分辨力越高，其中Ｎ·Ａ＝ｎ·ｓｉｎ（α/2），即Ｒ＝0．61λ/（ｎ·ｓｉｎ（α/2）），公式中λ为光的波长，ｎ是介质的折射率，α为物镜的镜口角（见图1）。从分辨力的公式可以推知：显微镜的分辨力与光的波长成反比，与介质折射率及ｓｉｎ（α/2）值成正比。从图1中可知，0＜α＜180°，0＜（α/2）＜90°，故有：0＜ｓｉｎ（α/2）＜1。ｓｉｎ（α/2）的值由物镜倍数决定，在同等情况下物镜倍数越大，ｓｉｎ（α/2）值越大，分辨力越大。因此，显微镜的分辨力只与物镜有关，与目镜无关，这与总放大倍数显然不同。 图1 酵母菌的数量和ｐＨ值 样 品 酵母菌数量（个/ｍｍ３） ｐＨ 1 1　210 4．8 2 ??? 820 5．4 3 1　210 3．7 4 1　000 5．0 图4担子菌外部结构 图8变形虫结构图 图11根横切面的局部示部分初生结构 图12小麦胚的纵切面图 图14水稻茎横切面 图16花药的横切面结构 图17胚珠和成熟胚囊 碘-碘化钾溶液 细胞核 苏丹Ⅳ酒精溶液木质化的细胞壁 铁矾苏木精溶液 液泡 番红溶液蛋白质 淀粉 脂肪 栓质 I signed with the Bank of the qilu Bank loan contract (contract) conventions, and I use scheme, I would request the loans (in words) until I opened personal settlement account with your Bank (account), uses loan for 。 Loan operation, business unit name: account number: loan funds from these personal settlement account into the account of a payment. Loans in accordance with the following payment methods to pay. One, lender trustee payment. Delegate qilu Bank loan funds of the borrower to meet the stipulation of the contract the following borrowers, counterparties, commitment funds, regulatory compliance, legal, and willing to take the pay disputes, loss and other consequences of the delegate. Payee account number Bank name amount purpose II, borrowers own payment methods. Qilu Bank according to the borrowers withdrawal request to loan funds disbursed directly to the borrowers account, and independently by the borrower payments to borrowers who meet the stipulation of the contract transactions. I guarantee to your bank contracts and other prove of material submitted by real and effective. When in accordance with one payment, I agree with the above accoun