园艺植物生物技术第一章资料.ppt

Chapter 1 Introduction Contents Main contents of biotechnology in horticultural plant History of biotechnology 1. Main contents of biotechnology in horticultural plant 1.1 Concept 以园艺植物为材料，利用生物技术，创造或改良种质或生产生物制品的一门技术。 1.2 Main contents Tissue culture in horticulture plant Plant cell engineering Chromosome engineering Genetic engineering in horticulture plant Molecular marker of plant 1.2.1 Tissue culture in horticulture plant (1) Concept 在无菌和人工控制的环境条件，利用人工培养基，对园艺植物的胚胎、器官、组织、细胞、原生质体等进行离体培养，使其再生发育成完整植株的过程。 1.2.2 Plant cell engineering (1)Concept 是指以细胞为基本单位进行培养、增殖或按照人们的意愿改造细胞的某些生物学特性，从而创造新的生物和物种，以获得具有经济价值的生物产品。 (2) Contents （1）Cell culture 细胞培养 （2）Protoplast culture 原生质体培养 （3）Cell fusion 细胞融合 （4）Cell preservation 细胞保藏 1.2.3 Chromosome engineering 1.染色体组工程 （1）增加→多倍体（秋水仙素处理） （2）削减→单倍体（雄/雌配子体途径） 2.个别染色体工程 （1）染色体的附加→附加系 （2）易位→易位系 （3）交换→代换系 1.2.4 Genetic engineering in horticulture plant 以分子遗传学理论为基础，以分子生物学和微生物学的现代方法为手段，将不同来源的基因，按预先设计的蓝图，在体外构建杂种DNA分子，然后导入园艺植物细胞，以改良园艺植物原有的遗传特性，获得新种质或品种。 1.2.5 Molecular marker of plant 可遗传并可检测的DNA序列或蛋白质。 蛋白质标记：同工酶、等位酶 DNA标记： （1）基于分子杂交：RFLP （2）基于PCR扩增:RAPD,SSR,SRAP （3）基于酶切与PCR扩增:AFLP （4）单核苷酸:SNP 2. History of biotechnology During the 1800s, the cell theory, which states that the cell is the basic structural unit of all living creatures, was very quick to gain acceptance. It was in 1902 that the well-known German plant physiologist, Gottlieb Haberlandt (1854-1945), attempted to cultivate plant tissue culture cells in vitro. He is regarded as the father of plant tissue culture. Molliard in 1921 demonstrated limited success with the cultivation of plant embryos and subsequently Kotte,a student of Haberlandt in Germany and, independently Robbins were successful in the establishment of excised plant root tips in vitro. in 1939, Gautheret, Nobecourt and White, published independently studies on the successful cultivation for prolonged periods of cambial tissues of carrot root (Gautheret, 1939), tobacco (White, 1939) and carrot