语言学概论Chpter 1 What is Language.docVIP

语言学概论 研究生课程 使用教材：语言学入门（英语版） An Introduction to Linguistics by Stuart C. Poole 外语教学与研究出版社 Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press 麦克米伦出版社 Macmillan Publishers Ltd 参考资料： [1] Halliday, M. A. K. (1994[1985]) An Introduction to Functional Grammar. 2nd edn. London: Edward Arnold. [2] Labov, William 1966. The Social Stratification of English in York City. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics. [3] Ladefoged, Peter. 1993. A Course in Phonetics . 3rd ed. Fort Worth,TX: Harcourt Brace. [4] Lakoff, George M. J. Johnson 1980. Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. [5] Leech, G. 1969. A Linguistic Guide to English Poetry. Longman. [6] Leech, G. and M. Short. 1981. Style in Fiction. Longman. [7] Radford, Andrew et all. 1999. Linguistics: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press. [8] Roach, Peter. 1991. English Phonetics and Phonology. 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press. [9] Yule, George. 1996. The Study of Language, 2nd edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [10] 胡壮麟. 2001.《语言学教程》 北京： 北京大学出版社. 第一章 What Is Language? 本章的教学目的、要求与内容： 掌握语言的意义和定义、语言的功能和结构特征。 1.1 The Significance of Language 1.2 What Is Language? 1.3 The Functions of Language 1.4 What Is a Language? 1.5 The Elements of Language The Significance of Language The human race dominates life on Earth. How comes it that human beings rather than other animals dominates the world? Not because they can use tools. Chimpanzees can use tools, too. They strip twigs and use them to extract termites from their nest. Not because they have a complex social structure with its hierarchies and its division of labor. The chimpanzees and termites both live in social groups. Chimpanzee females live on individual home ranges within a territory that is defended by a group of related males. Termites live in a colony with three castes: reproductives, workers and soldiers. Not because they have the a