第十一章克隆与医学Clone and Medicine.pptVIP

Medical Biology 第十一章 克隆与医学Clone and Medicine 第一节 克隆的概念及发展史 A Brief History of Cloningwhat is Cloning A “clone” is a copy of something. Computers that mimic IBMs are called “clones.” In genetics, a clone is a genetic copy of another organism. Clones occur naturally: Asexual breeding in plants lower animals Identical twins triplets in higher animals 第一节 克隆的概念及发展史A Brief History of Cloningwhat is Cloning Cloning is to make a genetically identicalorganism through non-sexual means. 第一节 克隆的概念及发展史A Brief History of Cloningwhat is Cloning Natural non-sex Clones occur naturally in plants and lower animals: 第一节 克隆的概念及发展史A Brief History of Cloningwhat is Cloning For centuries it has been known that simple animals – worms starfish – can be cloned by cutting them in half. This doesn’t work for higher animals! Part of the problem is cell specialization: Nerve Bone Muscle, etc. 第一节 克隆的概念及发展史 A Brief History of Cloning Cloning in the 20th Century We now realize that each specialized cell has all the genetic information, but much of it is turned off. Problem – how to reset the “program” so this information is usable? Cloning of frogs successful in 1950s Cloning of livestock from fetal cells in 1970s 第一节 克隆的概念及发展史A Brief History of Cloning Dolly - 1996 Clone from an adult sheep cell by Scots researchers under Ian Wilmut Had only one success in 300 tries. Dolly grew to maturity, and successfully had a lamb by natural means in 1998. But Dolly seems to be prematurely old. 第一节 克隆的概念及发展史A Brief History of Cloning Cloning since Dolly Cloning of this sort has now been done on cattle, pigs and mice also. The success rate has improved considerably. Cloning humans begins to show up in science fiction in 1970s. This is now a realistic possibility. 第一节 克隆的概念及发展史 A Brief History of Cloning Cloning since Dolly These female pigs are also cloned. 2001. 第一节 克隆的概念及发展史A Brief History of Cloning Cloning since Dolly 第一节 克隆的概念及发展史 A Brief History of Cloning Clon