2013液压与气动第二章绪论.pptVIP

* * Page * Industrial Pneumatic Fundamentals Pressure in pneumatic systems is measured in one of three scales: absolute (psia) gauge (psig) vacuum (Hg). On the Gauge pressure scale, “zero psig” occurs at current atmospheric pressure (a flat tire is at 0-psig). On the Vacuum pressure scale, “zero Hg” occurs at sea level and a perfect vacuum is at 29.92 Hg (many gauges read 0 to 30 Hg, but 30 of vacuum can never actually be reached. On the Absolute pressure scale, “zero psia” occurs in a perfect vacuum (outer space), and sea level pressure is 14.7-psia. * * * * * * * * * * Page * Industrial Pneumatic Fundamentals In the 1700s a number of people investigated gas behavior in the laboratory. Robert Boyle investigated the relationship between the volume of a dry ideal gas and its pressure. Since there are four variables that can be altered in a gas sample, in order to investigate how one variable will affect another, all other variables must be held constant or fixed. Boyle fixed the amount of gas and its temperature during his investigation. He found that when he manipulated the pressure, the volume responded in the opposite direction. For example, when Boyle increased the pressure on a gas sample, the volume would decrease. Mathematically, PV = constant value if the gas is behaving as an Ideal Gas. Boyles’ Law, states: “if the temperature of a confined body of gas is maintained constant, the absolute pressure is inversely proportional to the volume.” This simply means that when the volume of a confined gas is reduced by some amount, its absolute pressure will increase by the same amount. (It is important to note that this law is in terms of absolute” pressure, not “gage pressure.” Absolute pressure is 14.7 psi more than the reading of a pressure gage. The reason for this is that a pressure gage shows zero pounds pressure when it is open to the atmosphere, although 14.7 pounds is actually being exerted upon it.) Boyles law means, as illustrated, P1 X V1 = P2 X V2 = P