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Numerical Analysis 数值分析 葛志昊 zhihaoge@henu.edu.cn 数学与信息科学学院 Chapter 1 Introduction第一章 引论 §1 Numerical Computational Methods and Main Contents b) History The field of numerical analysis predates the invention of modern computers by many centuries. Linear interpolation was already in use more than 2000 years ago. Many great mathematicians of the past were preoccupied by numerical analysis, such as Newtons method, Lagrange interpolation polynomial, Gaussian elimination, Eulers method. c) Applications Engineering Physical sciences In 21st century, the life sciences and even the arts have adopted many elements of scientific computations. Advanced numerical methods are essential in making numerical weather prediction feasible.(天气预报) Computing the trajectory of a spacecraft requires the accurate numerical solution of a system of ordinary differential equations. (ODE计算宇宙飞船的轨道) Car companies to improve the crash safety of their vehicles use computer simulations of car crashes by partial differential equations numerically. Numerical analysis to calculate the value of stocks and so on. Airlines use sophisticated optimization algorithms to decide ticket prices, airplane and crew assignments and fuel needs. This field is also called operations research. Insurance companies use numerical programs for actuarial analysis. (精算分析) How to Compute Example:Given the following data： Deep（M） 466 741 950 1422 1634 Temp.(oC） 7.04 4.28 3.40 2.54 2.13 From the above data, one can guess the temperature of 500 m, 600 m or 1000 m ? Global Positioning System, GPS（全球定位系统) Numerical solution to Ordinary Differential Equations Example： 1963， E.N.Lorenz（美国气象学家洛伦兹) publish a paper: Title：Deterministic Nonperiodic Flow Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences，its model： Lorenz Model Lorenz Eqs. is based on Navier-Stokes Eqs., Heat Eq. and Continuous Eq.(洛伦兹方程组是基于流体力学中的Navier-Stokes方程、热传导方程和连续性方程构建的). x表示的是对流的翻动速率，y正比于上流与下流液体温