哈工大天文学概论第一节1.ppt

天 文 学 概 论 A Brief Course of Astronomy The Life of Stars Throughout their whole history, stars fight an immense struggle between Gravity ?? Pressure Most of the time : Stable Equilibrium Only instable before reaching equilibrium (Birth Process) and after running out of fuel (‘Death’) Interstellar gas and dust pervade the Galaxy Interstellar gas and dust, which make up the interstellar medium, are concentrated in the disk of the Galaxy Clouds within the interstellar medium are called nebulae Dark nebulae are so dense that they are opaque They appear as dark blots against a background of distant stars Emission nebulae, or H II regions, are glowing, ionized clouds of gas Emission nebulae are powered by ultraviolet light that they absorb from nearby hot stars Reflection nebulae are produced when starlight is reflected from dust grains in the interstellar medium, producing a characteristic bluish glow Angular Momentum Problem The amount of angular momentum (AM) in a typical star forming cloud core is several orders of magnitude too large to be contained in a single star. Two possible ways to dispose the excess AM AM is transported to outlying diffuse material in an accretion disk. AM goes into orbital motions of the stars in a binary or multiple system. Formation of Massive Stars and Clusters Intense radiation emitted by a massive accreting protostar can produce feedback effects on the infalling envelope that limits continuing accretion. Portostellar interactions (e.g. mergers) may play an important role in formation of massive stars. 褐矮星 (Brown Dwarfs) – Failed Stars Masses 0.08 M⊙(10MJ- 84 MJ) Central temperature 3 million K Surface temperature ~ 1000 K Differences between brown dwarfs and planets Planets are smaller and lighter Planets have a solid core They are formed in a complete different way 主序星的演化 主序星的性质 均匀的化学组成 核心H燃烧 质量范围: 0.08 M⊙ M ~100 M⊙ 质光关系和质量-半径关系 L ~ M 2.5-4, R ~ M 0.5-1 不同质量主序星的演化时标 (2) 星云碰撞→辐射→冷却→坍缩 演化路径(Evolutionary Track) 核反应4 H