micro-economics-9.pptVIP

第九章 不完全竞争的产品市场 垄断市场的价格决定 寡头市场的价格决定 垄断竞争市场 Pure Monopoly A monopolized market has a single seller. The monopolist’s demand curve is the (downward sloping) market demand curve. So the monopolist can alter the market price by adjusting its output level. Pure Monopoly Why Monopolies? What causes monopolies? a legal fiat; e.g. US Postal Service a patent; e.g. a new drug sole ownership of a resource; e.g. a toll highway formation of a cartel; e.g. OPEC large economies of scale; e.g. local utility companies. 9-1 垄断市场的价格决定 1.垄断厂商的需求曲线与收益曲线 （1）需求曲线：即为产品的市场需求曲线，是一条向右下方倾斜的曲线,y=y(p)或者p=p(y)。 （2）平均收益线：AR=(p(y)y)/y=p(y)，与需求曲线重合； 边际收益线:MR=d(p(y)y)/dy=p(y)+ydp(y)/dy=p(y)(1-1/e) 假设需求曲线为线性：p=a-by，则MR=a-2by，截距与需求线相同，斜率是需求线的2倍 2.垄断厂商的均衡与加成定价 均衡条件为MR=MC， 并有p=MC(1+1/(e-1))，其中1/(e-1)被称为加成系数，只有e1时，垄断厂商有供给，此时pMC Markup Pricing Markup pricing: Output price is the marginal cost of production plus a “markup.” How big is a monopolist’s markup and how does it change with the own-price elasticity of demand? How Should a Monopoly Price? So far a monopoly has been thought of as a firm which has to sell its product at the same price to every customer. This is uniform pricing. Can price-discrimination earn a monopoly higher profits? Types of Price Discrimination 1st-degree: Each output unit is sold at a different price. Prices may differ across buyers. 2nd-degree: The price paid by a buyer can vary with the quantity demanded by the buyer. But all customers face the same price schedule. E.g. bulk-buying discounts. Types of Price Discrimination 3rd-degree: Price paid by buyers in a given group is the same for all units purchased. But price may differ across buyer groups.E.g., senior citizen and student discounts vs. no discounts for middle-aged persons. 9-1 垄断市场的价格决定 3.价格歧视（price discrimination） 是指在一定条件下，厂商可以对不同的消费者（消费群）索取不同的价格以获取额外利润的行为。（垄断厂商每多卖一件商品，都会降低市场价格，影响收益。 ） （1）一级价格歧视：厂商向每个消费者索取他愿意支付的最高价格（保留价格），比较接近的例子：偏僻小镇上的医生视患者的贫富程度和诊疗频率而针对性地索取治疗费。实行一级价格歧视的厂商与完全竞争厂商的产量水平相同，其资源配置也是帕累托有效的，只是