Chapter 4 Waste minimization.pptVIP

Chemical Treatment Wet air oxidation: aqueous effluent streams containing species that are difficult to treat by other means, e.g. polyphenols, or relatively high levels of organics (ca 5%). e.g. some surfactant waste streams. Typical conditions: 200-300oC, up to 100atm, around half an hour, and highly active hydroxyl radicals are generated that oxidize most organic compounds. Municipal sewage sludge, landfill liquors, toxic waste streams that would kill the bacteria used in biotreatment plants, caustic waste from ethylene crackers. Catalysts, e.g. cerium and ruthenium. can improve removal of COD to well over 90%. Recently, more efficient types of wet air oxidation processes based on using supercritical water Chemical Treatment Advanced oxidation processes (AOP): a set of chemical treatment oxidation procedures carried out in parallel. Four reagents: ozone, hydrogen peroxide, oxygen, and air, in precise, pre-programmed dosages, sequences, and combinations. UV irradiation and specific catalysts. Biologically toxic or non-degradable materials such as aromatics, pesticides, petroleum constituents, and volatile organic compounds in waste water. Chemical reduction: waste containing highly toxic Cr (VI). Reducing agents: Fe (II) salts and sodium metabisulfite (Na2S2O5). The removal of trace metals from effluent streams: precipitation as the sulfide, hydroxide, or carbonate followed by filtration. Electrochemical Waste Treatment Electrochemical processes for treating effluent streams is increasing due to the competitive running costs compared to other methods. Relatively high concentrations of metal ions where recovery of the metal is important from an economic or environmental perspective. A wide range of metals: precious metals as gold, silver, and palladium and more hazardous waste as nickel, cadmium, or cobalt. Recovery of silver from photographic fixing processes: Toxic hydrogen sulfide ! Electrochemical Waste Treatment Tin cans recycle: At the cathode: