语言学笔记4.docVIP

Chapter Four Syntax一、定义 1.句子sentence A structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command. 2.语言运用Linguistic competence The system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker. 谓语Predicate The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says something about the subject is grammatically called predicate. 4.定式子句Finite Clause A clause that takes a subject and a finite verb, and at the same time stands structurally alone. 5.从属子句Embedded Clause (E C) In a complete sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause is normally called an E C . 6.主要子句Matrix Clause In a complexed sentence, the clause into which it is embedded is called a matrix clause. 7.层次结构Hierarchical structure The sentence structure that groups words into structural constituents and shows the syntactic categories of each structural constituent, such as NP and VP. 8.语法关系Grammatical relations The structural and logical functional relations between every noun phrase and sentence. 9.句法类型Syntactic category A word or phrase that performs a particular grammatical function such as the subject or object. 10.表层结构S-structure A level of syntactic representation after the operation of necessary syntactic movement. 11.深层结构D-structure A level of syntactic representation before the operation of necessary syntactic movement. 12.普遍语法General grammar A system of linguistic knowledge which consists of some general principles and parameters about nature language. 13.移动α 规则Move α  A general movement rule accounting for the syntactic behavior of any constituent movement. 14.句法移位Syntactic movement  Syntactic movement occurs when a constituent moves out of its original place to a new position. 15.转换原则Transformation rules  Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called transformational rules, whose operation may change the syntactic representation of a se