国i际经济导论chapter1.pptVIP

失业对社会的影响: 政府要增加福利支出，造成财政困难; 影响社会稳定; 使实际GDP减少. 3.Stable prices The CPI measures the cost of a fixed market basket of consumer goods and services bought by the average urban consumer relative to the cost of that bundle during a particular base year. 关于居民消费价格指数统计 我国编制价格指数的商品和服务项目，根据城乡11万户居民家庭消费支出构成资料和有关规定确定，目前共包括八大类，251个基本分类，约700个代表品种。居民消费价格指数就是在对全国550个样本市县近3万个采价点进行价格调查的基础上，根据国际规范的流程和公式计算出来的。 从2011年1月起，我国CPI开始计算以2010年为对比基期的价格指数序列。这是自2001年计算CPI定基价格指数以来，第二次进行基期例行更换 。 中国CPI构成和各部分比重 　　2011年最新调整为 ： 1.食品31.79% 2. 烟酒及用品3.49% 3. 居住17.22% 4. 交通通讯9.95% 5. 医疗保健个人用品9.64% 6 .衣着8.52% 7.家庭设备及维修服务5.64% 8.娱乐教育文化用品及服务13.75% Inflation can be defined as a process of continually rising prices. Deflation occurs when prices decline continually . Rate of inflation of consumer prices in percentage: CPI (this year)- CPI (last year) CPI (last year) ＊100% Categories of inflation Low inflation occurs when prices rise slowly and predictably. we might define this as single-digit annual inflation rates. people trust money and are willing to hold on to money. Galloping inflation means inflation in the double-digit range a year. in these conditions, most contracts get indexed to a price index or to a foreign currency. money loses its value very quickly, so people hold only the bare-minimum amount of money needed for daily transaction. Financial markets wither away as capital flees abroad. People hoard goods, buy houses, and never lend money at low nominal interest rates. Hyper- inflation strikes an economy when prices are rising over a hundred percent or a thousand or a million or even a trillion percent a year. Prices are virtually meaningless and the price system breaks down. In general, a fast-growing economy usually experiences a higher price level than a slowly growing one. 2009年初津巴布韦通胀率已经达到百分之十亿，居全球之冠,而1美元可兑换250万亿津巴布韦元。 Causes of inflation The rate of inflation that rises steadily around a certain rate annually is called inertial rate of inflation. Demand-pull inflation