Unit 2 Secion A.docVIP

Section A AIDS, Recent Advances in Research and Treatment 艾滋病在研究和治疗方面的新进展 History 艾滋病的历史 Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) was first clinically observed in 1981 in the United States. The initial cases were a cluster of injecting drug users and homosexual men with no known cause of impaired immunity who showed symptoms of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), a rare opportunistic infection that was known to occur in people with very compromised immune systems. Soon thereafter, an unexpected number of gay men developed a previously rare skin cancer called Kaposis sarcoma (KS). Many more cases of PCP and KS emerged, alerting U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and a CDC task force was formed to monitor the outbreak. 1981年，美国确诊了第一例获得性免疫缺陷综合征（即艾滋病）。最初的病例是一群不知什么原因免疫力受损的注射吸毒者和男同性恋者，他们表现出卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎的症状，据称这是一种发生在免疫系统严重受损人群中的罕见的机会性感染。此后不久，许多男同性恋者出乎意料地得了一种以前很少见的叫卡波济肉瘤的皮肤癌。后来出现了更多的卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎和卡波济肉瘤病例，给美国疾病控制与预防中心（CDC）发出了警报，于是，成立了一个特别小组去监测艾滋病的爆发。 In the early days, the CDC did not have an official name for the disease, often referring to it by way of the diseases that were associated with it, for example, lymphadenopathy, the disease after which the discoverers of HIV originally named the virus. They also used Kaposis Sarcoma and Opportunistic Infections, the name by which a task force had been set up in 1981. At one point, the CDC coined the phrase “the 4H disease”, since the syndrome seemed to affect Haitians, homosexuals, hemophiliacs, and heroin users. In the general press, the term GRID, which stood for gay-related immune deficiency, had been coined. However, after determining that AIDS was not isolated to the gay community, it was realized that the term GRID was misleading and the term AIDS was introduced at a meeting in July 1982. By September 1982 the CDC started referring to the disease as AIDS. 在早期，美国疾病控制与预防中心对这种疾病并没有一个官方的名字，谈及这种疾病时通常用与之相关的疾病代替，比如：淋巴结病，人体免疫缺陷病毒的发现者最初就是以这种疾病给该病毒命名的。他们同样也使用过卡波济肉瘤和机会性感染，1981年一个特别小组成立时就是用的这个名称。美国疾病控制与预防中心曾经创造过一个短语——