13章_表面物理化学全解.ppt

JOSIAH WILLARD GIBBS JOSIAH WILLARD GIBBS (1839-1903), American scientist, was professor of mathematical physics at Yale University from 1871 until his death. His series of papers “On the Equilibrium of Heterogenous Substances,” published in the Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Sciences (1876-1878) was one of the most important series of statistical mechanics. JOSIAH WILLARD GIBBS The Copley Medal of the Royal Society of London was presented to him as “the first to apply the second law of thermodynamics to the exhaustive discussion of the relation between chemical, electrical, and thermal energy and capacity for external work.” IRVING LANGMUIR IRVING LANGMUIR (1881-1957) Brooklyn-born American scientist, received his Ph.D. in German under Nernst and returned to the United States in 1906 to teach at Stevens Institute in Hoboken, New Jersey. After three years, he went to the new General Electric Research Laboratories in Schenectady New York, where he eventually became a vice president and director of research. IRVING LANGMUIR In 1912 he invented the argon-filled incandescent lamp, and invention that decreased the cost of lighting in this country alone by hundreds of millions of dollars a year.He contributed to the development of high-vacuum diffusion pumps and also of the electronic vacuum tube. He invented the atomic hydrogen welding torch and was involved in the early work in rainmaking. In 1932 Langmuir received the Nobel Prize in chemistry “for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry.” process at solid surfaces A framework representation showing the general layout of the atoms in a zeolite material. Note the truncated octahedral, the small cubic cages, and the large central cage. process at solid surfaces A schematic diagram of the flat surface of a solid. This primitive model is largely supported by surface-tunnelling microscope images. process at solid surfaces Some of the kinds of defects that may occur on otherwise perfect terrac