dunhuanggrottoes.pptxVIP

DUNHUANG GROTTOES敦煌石窟 XXX From Group 4 2015.5.14Warring States PeriodDunhuang is an oasis surrounded by desert and gravel in northwestern China.It was inhabited by the people of Yuezhi, Wusun and Xiongnu before the third century BC. The HanDynasty In the Han Dynasty, Emperor Wu appointed Zhang Qian to the Western Regions. He documented valuable information during his journey, leading China to discover Europe, thus giving birth to the Silk Road. “敦煌”一词，最早见于《史记·大宛列传》中张骞给汉武帝的报告，说“始月氏居敦煌、祁连间”，公元前111年，汉朝正式设敦煌郡。 “敦，大也，煌，盛也。” ——《汉书》“敦，大也。以其广开西域，故以盛名。”——《元和郡县图志》（唐） The HanDynasty Dunhuang was established as a garrison(要塞) by Emperor Wu, in order to extend military power and for the benefits of trade. It was the frontier, at the west end of the Hexi (west of the Yellow River) Corridor.It was the main (and only) gateway to and from China on the Silk Road.Map of Silk RoadNorthern RoadSouthernRoad The First CaveThe Three Kingdoms period According to records, the first cave was constructed by a travelling monk, Lezun ,in 366 AD. ? After he came, the Chan master Faliang who opened a second cave next to Lezun’s. “莫高窟者，厥前秦建元二年，有沙门乐傅，戒行清虚，执心恬静，尝杖锡林野，行至此山，忽见金光千状有千佛……造窟一龛。次有法良禅师，从东凿此，又史于传师窟侧，更即营窟。迦蓝之起，滥觞于二僧。后有刺史建平公东阳王，……后合州黎庶，造作像仍，实神秀之幽严，灵奇之净域也……推甲字四百余岁，计窟室千余龛……” ——唐 李怀让 The Earliest Cave Existing The earliest caves here are believed to be built by these two monks . However, these caves no longer exist. Now,?the only surviving examples from the earliest period of activity are three caves believed to be opened in the Northern Liang (421-439).Northern Liang The Northern Liang Dynasty1.内容：主要为佛传、本生故事及说法图等。2.人物造型：头戴花蔓或宝冠，曲发垂肩，面相椭圆直鼻大眼，耳轮长垂，体态粗壮，上身半裸， 胸饰琪洛肩披大巾， 腰裹长裙。典型的西域特征。3.面部晕染：采用表现明暗的凹凸法（西域式晕法）。4.画面构图：采取散点、平列的装饰性构图形式。尸毗王本生（北凉）The Northern and Southern DynastiesBetween the 4th and the 6th century, Dunhuang was under the nomadic rulers in the Sixteen Kingdoms period (366-439). In 439, it became part of the Northern Wei. In the following periods of the Western Wei (534-556) and Nor