清末民初哈滨地区流通货币的演变.doc

摘 要 伴随着中东铁路的建设，哈尔滨的城市建设也同时启动。随着城市的兴起与发展，哈尔滨的金融机构也经历了从无到有，从少到多的过程。与此同时,哈尔滨货币体系的建立、发展和完善，也为哈尔滨的城市建设和经济发展提供了强大的资金支持。 华俄道胜银行是哈尔滨地区首家成立的近代化金融机构，建立伊始，就觊觎哈尔滨乃至整个东北地区的金融控制权。中东铁路的建设经费由华俄道胜银行筹措，它利用当时东北地区货币匮乏的状况，另铸新币，同时大肆行用俄国国家银行发行的纸币卢布。在中东铁路建成时，运费又使用俄国货币。城市的建设和经济的发展吸引了大量俄侨的到来，华俄道胜银行大力扶持俄侨在哈尔滨的工商业活动，对俄侨工商企业给予了巨额信贷支持。俄国货币因此在中东铁路沿线迅速蔓延，进而取代中国货币。在此种形势下，吉林官帖局（永衡官银钱号前身）、广信公司等官立金融机构为对抗沙俄金融力量应运而生，开始了银元、铜元、制钱官帖、铜元票、大小洋票等金属货币和纸币的发行。日俄战争（1904—1905）以后，沙俄势力退居中国东北北部，哈尔滨更是成为其经营的重中之重，工商业得到迅速发展，金融业也逐渐繁荣起来,各种金融机构接踵而至，落户哈尔滨，并竞相推行自己的货币，形成了以卢布为主多种货币为辅的格局。这种格局在十月革命后随着沙俄力量的瓦解逐渐被打破，由于卢布币值江河日下，沙俄货币在哈尔滨金融体系中的统治地位逐步丧失。中国方面在酝酿重振中国货币的计划，日本则企图乘机把金融力量推向哈尔滨，俄国华俄道胜银行则竭力维持自己在哈尔滨的地位。在不断的较量中，中国货币险胜日本货币， 跌跌撞撞地走上了哈尔滨流通货币舞台的最前沿。 关键词：哈尔滨；货币替代；卢布 Abstract Along with the construction of Eastern Railway, Harbins urban construction also started. With the rise and development of city, financial institutions also experienced from small to multi-process. At the same time, the monetary system of Harbin were developing and improving. It provided the Harbin’s urban construction with strong financial support. Russo-Chinese Bank was the first financial institution established in Harbin in modern times. Since the establishment of Russo-Chinese bank, it was seeking the control of region and the whole of northeast currency. Railway construction in the Eastern railway was funded by the Russo-Chinese bank. It took advantage of the deflation of the region to release Russian ruble notes issued by the State Bank. When the railway was completed, freight only charged Russian currency. With the influx of a large number of Russian emigrants, Russo-Chinese Bank loaned Russian emigrants industrial and commercial activity. The Russian currency in the Middle East was spreading along the railway line and then replaced the Chinese currency. In order to boycott Russian currency, Chinese currency institution had been settled up and issued currency .After the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) , Russian influence retreated to