英语句子成分及结构专题.docx

一、句子成分(Members of a Sentence)英语的句子成分主要有六种：即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。（可以熟记为：主谓宾，定状补）除了这六种主要成分之外，还有“表语”、“同位语”和“独立成分”的说法。但表语和系动词一起作谓语，因此划分成分时，划分在谓语上。同位语分为主语同位语和宾语同位语，属于主语或宾语的一部分。独立成分与句子的其他成分没有语法上的联系，能用作独立成分的有：感叹词、呼语和插入语。1.主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首，通常由名词性的词来充当。可以作主语的词性或语法结构有：①名词 ②代词 ③数词 ④名词化的形容词（如the rich）⑤不定式 ⑥动名词 ⑦主语从句等表示。例如：Tom is a clever boy.（专有名词人名作主语）画出句子的主语，并说明其构成方式：①During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. ②We often speak English in class.③One-third of the students in this class are girls.④To swim in the river is a great pleasure.⑤Smoking does harm to the health.⑥The rich should help the poor.⑦When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.⑧It is necessary to master a foreign language.⑨That he isn’t at home is not true.正确运用主语的各种形式2.谓语：谓语由动词充当，说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：（1）简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。例如：He practises running every morning.（动词practise作谓语）We usually listen to the music on weekends.（动词短语listen to作谓语）（2）复合谓语：①由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。例如：You may keep the book for two weeks. ②由系动词加表语构成。系动词不能单独作谓语，要和表语一起作谓语。例如：We are students.画出句子的谓语，并说明其构成方式：①My sister is crying over there.②I have been waiting for you all the time.③I would stay at home all day.正确运用主语的各种形式3.表语：表语多是形容词，用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, keep, stay, remain, seem, appear, look, smell, sound, feel, taste, become, get, grow, go, turn, prove等）之后。可以作表语的词性或语法结构有：①名词 ②代词 ③数词 ④分词⑤不定式 ⑥动名词 ⑦介词短语⑧副词⑨表语从句等表示。例如：She is very beautiful.（形容词作表语）画出句子的表语，并说明其构成方式：①Our teacher of English is an American. ②Is it yours? ③The weather has turned cold. ④The speech is exciting. ⑤Three times seven is twenty one.⑥His job is to teach English.⑦His hobby is playing football. ⑧The machine must be under repair. ⑨The truth is that he has never been abroad.正确运用主语的各种形式4.宾语：宾语由名词性的词充当，表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。宾语分为动词宾语和介词宾语，分别构成动宾结构和介宾结构。可以作表语的词性或语法结构有：①名词 ②代词 ③数词 ④名词化的分词 ⑤不定式 ⑥动名词 ⑦宾语从句等表示。例如：They went to see an exhibition yesterday.（名词作动宾）画出句子的表语，并说明其构成方式：①They planted many trees yesterday. ②