09applications_intl_trade.pptVIP

9 Application: International Trade 应用：国际贸易 What determines whether a country imports or exports a good?什么决定一国对某种产品是进口还是出口呢？ Who gains and who loses from free trade among countries?谁从国际贸易中获利，而谁有从中受损呢？ What are the arguments that people use to advocate trade restrictions?人们用什么理由来倡导施加贸易限制呢？ THE DETERMINANTS OF TRADE Equilibrium Without Trade没有贸易的均衡 Assume:假设 A country is isolated from rest of the world and produces steel.一国与其他国家隔离，并生产钢铁 The market for steel consists of the buyers and sellers in the country. 钢铁市场由那一国的买卖双方组成 No one in the country is allowed to import or export steel.没有人能出口和进口 Figure 1The Equilibrium without International Trade The Equilibrium Without International Trade Equilibrium Without Trade 无贸易均衡 Results:其结果是 Domestic price adjusts to balance demand and supply.国内市场价格使得供需平衡 The sum of consumer and producer surplus measures the total benefits that buyers and sellers receive.在这一价格下，市场总福利最大。 The World Price and Comparative Advantage If the country decides to engage in international trade, will it be an importer or exporter of steel?如果该国决定参与国际贸易，它是钢铁的出口国还是进口国呢 The World Price and Comparative Advantage The effects of free trade can be shown by comparing the domestic price of a good without trade and the world price of the good. The world price refers to the price that prevails in the world market for that good.自由贸易的效应可以从对国内和国际价格的比较中显示。 The World Price and Comparative Advantage If a country has a comparative advantage, then the domestic price will be below the world price, and the country will be an exporter of the good.如果一国有比较优势，它的国内价格会低于国际价格，它就会成为出口国 The World Price and Comparative Advantage If the country does not have a comparative advantage, then the domestic price will be higher than the world price, and the country will be an importer of the good.如果一国没有有比较优势，它的国内价格会高于国际价格，它就会成为进口国 Figure 2 International Trade in an Exporting Country Figure 3 How Free Trade Affects Welfare in an Exporting Country Figure 3 How Free Trade Affects Welfare in an Export