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Studies in MetaphorTheories and Practice 啊，我年青的女郎！我不辜负你的殷勤，你也不要辜负了我的思量。我为我心爱的人儿，燃到了这般模样！　啊，我年青的女郎！你该知道了我的前身？你该不嫌我黑奴卤莽？要我这黑奴底胸中，才有火一样的心肠。　啊，我年青的女郎！我想我的前身，原本是有用的栋梁，我活埋在地底多年，到今朝才得重见天光。　啊，我年青的女郎！我自从重见天光，我常常思念我的故乡，我为我心爱的人儿，燃到了这般模样！　 What is metaphor 一 300 BC to 1930s(Aristotle to Richards) 1 A device of the poetic imagination– a matter of extraordinary rather than ordinary language The greatest thing by far is to be a master of metaphor. 2 A kind of rhetorical flourish as to the opposite of Simile. 3 A kind of rhetorical device with which we substitute one word with another. John is a lion (lion=a courageous man) What is Metaphor 二 1930s to 1970s (Richards, Black and Searle) 1 Interaction theory – Through a metaphorical statement we map the associated commonplaces of A onto B, which then achieve metaphorical meaning. 2 Functional and practical meaning of a sentence. Sally is a block of ice. The old rock is becoming brittle with age. What is Metaphor 三 1970s to — （Lakoff conceptual metaphor theory) 1 Metaphor is pervasive in everyday life. not just in language but in thought and action. 2 Our ordinary conceptual system, in terms of which we both think and act, is fundamentally metaphorical in nature. What is Metaphor e.g Your claims are indefensible. He attacked every weak point in my argument. His criticisms were right on target. I demolished his argument. I’ve never won an argument with him. You disagree? Okay, shoot! If you use that strategy, he’ll wipe you out. He shot down all of my arguments. The essence of metaphor is understanding and experiencing one kind of thing in terms of another. ARGUMENT IS WAR The language of argument is not poetic, fanciful, or rhetorical; it is literal. We talk about arguments that way because we conceive of them that way– and we act according to the way we conceive of things. What is Metaphor HIGHWAY(SOURCE) INTERNET(TARGET) highway transmission