ch41材料学课程.pptVIP

Chapter 4. Mechanical Properties of Metals ---1st part New words Respond 反应、响应 external load 外部载荷 Tension 张力 Compression 压力 Shear 剪切力 Torsion 扭力 Elastic deformation 弹性变形 Plastic deformation 塑性变形 yield strength 屈服强度 tensile strength 抗拉强度 Ductility 延展性 Toughness 韧性 Hardness 硬度 Elongate 伸长 Twist 扭曲 Outline ! Stress and Strain Tension Compression Shear Torsion ! Elastic deformation ! Plastic Deformation(2nd part) Yield Strength Tensile Strength Ductility Toughness Hardness Introduction To understand and describe how materials deform (elongate, compress, twist) or break as a function of applied load, time, temperature, and other conditions we need first to discuss standard test methods and standard language for mechanical properties of materials. Types of Loading Concepts of Stress and Strain(tension and compression) To compare specimens of different sizes, the load is calculated per unit area. Engineering stress: σ = F / Ao F is load applied perpendicular to specimen cross-section; A0 is cross-sectional area (perpendicular to the force) before application of the load. Engineering strain: ε = Δl / lo (× 100 %) Δl is change in length, lo is the original length. These definitions of stress and strain allow one to compare test results for specimens of different cross-sectional area A0 and of different length l0. Stress and strain are positive for tensile loads, negative for compressive loads Concepts of Stress and Strain(shear and torsion) Shear stress: τ = F / Ao F is load applied parallel to the upper and lower faces each of which has an area A0. Shear strain: γ = tgθ (× 100 %) θ is strain angle Torsion is variation of pure shear. A shear stress in this case is a function of applied torque T, shear strain is related to the angle of twist, θ. Stress-Strain Behavior Elastic deformation Reversible: when the stress is removed, the material returns to the dimension it had before the loading. Usually strains are small (except for the case of pla