语言学导论第3章Morphology.pptVIP

Word Structure: Morphology Morphology 形态学 The part of the grammar that is concerned with word formation and word structure. Are words the smallest units? Many words can be divided into smaller parts, E.g.: dogs walking blackens player dog-s walk-ing black-en-s play-er the parts also occur in other words: Compare: cat-s; runn-ing; dark-en-s; eat-er These smaller parts occur consistently with many words: -s: dogs, cats, … —the plural consistently -ing: walking, running, … —a noun from a verb -en: blacken, darken, … —a verb meaning ‘become ADJ’ from an adjective ADJ -er: player, eater,… —an agentive nominal from a verb, a person or thing who does that activity Basic Units Phonology: ? phoneme Morphology: ? morpheme 词素 Basic definition: A morpheme is a minimal unit of sound and meaning The smallest unit of language that carries meaning (maybe a word or not a word) A minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function Connection: Sound Meaning A phoneme sometimes has more than one sound form, while being the same abstract unit /p/ phoneme [p] [ph] allophones Morphemes ? ? Allomorphs Morpheme Allomorphs In phonology allophones: the same phoneme, in particular contexts. In morphology allomorphs: the same morpheme, in particular contexts (what it is attached to) Example: English plural Also moose: ox: Bound Free morpheme Morpheme: ‘minimal unit of sound and meaning’ A further division: whether they can occur on their own or not: No: -s in dog-s; -ed in kick-ed; cran- in cran-berry Yes: dog, kick, berry Root Affix 词根词缀 In a complex word (two or more morphemes): teacher teach -er root affix Root (stem, base): the basic or cor