化工热力学--Chapter 10 VaporLiquid Equilibrium Introduction.pptVIP

Chapter 10Vapor/Liquid Equilibrium: Introduction 10.1 THE NATURE OF EQUILIBRIUM Measures of Composition Mass fraction Mole fraction Molar concentration 10.2 THE PHASE RULE. DUHEM’S THEOREM For any closed system formed initially from given masses of prescribed chemical species, the equilibrium state is completely determined when any two independent variables are fixed. 10.4 SIMPLE MODELS FOR VAPOR/LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM Example 10.1 Binary system conforms closely to Raoult’s law. Vapor pressures for the pure species are given by the following Antoine equations: Henry’s Law For a species present as a very dilute solute in the liquid phase, Henry’s law then states that the partial pressure of the species in the vapor phase is directly proportional to its liquid-phase mole fraction. Example 10.2 Assuming that carbonated water contains only CO2 and H2O, determine the compositions of the vapor and liquid phases in a sealed can of “soda” and the pressure exerted on the can at 10℃. Henry’s constant for CO2 in water at 10℃ is about 990 bar. Solution 10.2 Take species 1 as the CO2 and species 2 as the water. 10.5 VLE BY MODIFIED RAOULT’S LAW Example 10.3 For the system methanol(1)/methyl acetate(2), the following equations provide a reasonable correlation for the activity coefficients: 10.6 VLE FROM K-VALUE CORRELATIONS A convenient measure of the tendency of a given chemical species to partition between liquid and vapor phases is the equilibrium ratio K, defined as: Flash Calculations A liquid partially evaporates when pressure is reduced, producing a two-phase system of vapor and liquid in equilibrium. Consider a system containing one mole of nonreacting chemical species with an overall composition represented by the set of mole fractions z. Let L be the moles of liquid, and let V be the moles of vapor. L + V = 1 Example 10.5 The system acetone (1) – acetonitrile (2) -nitromethane(3) at 80℃ and 110 kPa has the overall composition, z1=0.45, z2=0.35, z3=0.