第04章输入输出系统1 eng.ppt

Chapter 4 Overview The I/O subsystem I/O buses and addresses Programmed I/O I/O operations initiated by program instructions I/O interrupts Requests to processor for service from an I/O device Direct Memory Access (DMA) Moving data in and out without processor intervention I/O data format change and error control Error detection and correction coding of I/O data I/O channels I/O processor I/O Hardware Large variety of I/O devices Common concepts Port (device-machine communication point) Bus (daisy chain or shared direct access) Controller (host adapter) I/O instructions control devices Devices have addresses, used by Direct I/O instructions Memory-mapped I/O PERIPHERAL DEVICES A Hierarchical Model of I/O Abstract I/O interface:Block devices, character devices,network Device-independentsoftware:Buffering,scheduling, caching Device-dependentsoftware:I/O drivers(supplied by device manufacturer) I/O Devices Display monitors Character or graphics oriented Different data rates: 25 x 80 characters vs 800 x 600 x 256 30-60 times/sec I/O Devices Keyboards Most common: “QWERTY” Very low data rate (10 char/sec) Pointing devices Mouse (optical, optical-mechanical) Trackball Joystick Low data rate (hundreds of bytes/sec) I/O Devices Printers Line printers, dot-matrix, ink-jet, laser Low data rates Character-oriented Scanners Digitize picture into bit map (similar to video RAM) Low data rates I/O Devices Floppy disks Surface, tracks/surface, sectors/track, bytes/sector All sectors numbered sequentially 0..(n-1) (physical location vs logical numbering) I/O Devices Floppy disks Track skew Account for seek-to-next-track to minimize latency Double-sided floppy Tracks with same diameter: cylinder Number sectors within cylinder consecutively to minimize seek I/O Devices Hard disks Multiple surfaces Higher densities anddata rates than floppy floppy hard disk bytes/sec 512 512-4096 sec/track 9,15,18, 36 10