统计软件R 基本操作及简单画图.pptxVIP

本节要点R的向量及赋值运算R的基本对象：向量，矩阵，数组，数据框函数及自定义函数关于画图： 基本命令及一些简单的参数TIPS 一些需要注意的点函数：f(x): 名字(变元)getwd()； setwd(dir = “g:/2011stat”) #或setwd( g:/2011stat )getwd()x=rnorm(100)ls()?rnorm#或help(rnorm)apropos(“norm“)apropos() returns a character vector giving the names of all objects in the search list matching what. find() is a different user interface to the same task.# ctrl +l 清空控制台# ctrl +R 运行控制台语句大小写敏感英文半角输入状态赋值和运算z = rnorm(1000000,4,0.1)median(z)赋值: “=”可以用“-”代替x-z-y-w赋值还可以采用函数进行 c()assign()简单数学运算有:+,-,*,/, ^,%*%,%%(mod) %/%(整数除法)等等常用的数学函数有:abs , sign , log , log2, log10 , logb, expm1, log1p(x), sqrt , exp , sin , cos , tan , acos , asin, atan , cosh , sinh， tanh赋值和运算 round, floor, ceilinggamma , lgamma, digamma and trigamma.sum, prod, cumsum, cumprodmax, min, cummax, cummin, pmax, pmin, rangemean, length, var, duplicated, uniqueunion, intersect, setdiff, =, , =, , |, !从高到低的运算次序一些基本运算例子x=1:100(x=1:100)sample(x,20)set.seed(0);sample(1:10,3)#随机种子!z=sample(1:200000,10000)z[1:10]#向量下标y=c(1,3,7,3,4,2)z[y]一些基本运算例子z=sample(x,20,rep=T)z(z1=unique(z));length(z1)z=sample(x,100,rep=T)xz=setdiff(x,z)sort(union(xz,z))sort(union(xz,z))==xsetequal(union(xz,z),x)intersect(1:10,7:50)sample(1:100,20,prob=1:100)一些基本运算例子pi * 10^2 #能够用?”*”来看基本算术运算方法*(pi, ^(10, 2))pi * (1:10)^2x - pi * 10^2xprint(x)(x=pi * 10^2)pi^(1:5)print(x, digits = 12)class(x)typeof(x)一些基本运算例子class(cars)typeof(cars)names(cars)summary(cars)str(cars)row.names(cars)class(dist ~ speed)plot(dist ~ speed,cars)一些基本运算例子head(cars)#cars[1:6,]tail(cars)ncol(cars);nrow(cars)dim(cars)lm(dist ~ speed, data = cars)cars$qspeed =cut(cars$speed, breaks =quantile(cars$speed), include.lowest = TRUE)names(cars)cars[3]table(cars[3])is.factor(cars$qspeed)plot(dist ~ qspeed, data = cars)(a=lm(dist ~ qspeed, data = cars))summaryu(a)一些基本运算例子x - round(runif(20,0,20), digits=2) summary(x) min(x);max(x)median(x) # medianmean(x) # meanvar(x)# variancesd(x)# standard deviation sqrt(var(x))rank(x) # rankorder(x)x[order(x)]sort(x)sort(x,decreasin