《Language》7素材.pptVIP

LOGO Language design feature of languagedefining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication What is Linguistics? The scientific study of human language What is Linguistics The Linguistics System II. Important Distinctions in Linguistics I .design feature of language III. The world language classification Ⅰ. design feature of language 1)Arbitrariness 2)Duality 3)Creativity/Productivity 4)Displacement 5)Cultural Transmission 1）Arbitrariness(任意性):the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. eg：书, book, livre喜欢，like，aimer 2）Duality（二层性）:the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level. eg： Sounds syllables words phrases clauses sentences texts/discourses 3） Creativity/Productivity（创造性）:Language can be used to create new meanings because of its duality eg1：/k/ ,/a:/, /p/---- carp or park eg2：England, defeated, France England defeated France. France defeated England. 4）Displacement（替代性）:Human languages enable their users to symbolize something which are not present at the moment of communication.5） Cultural Transmission（文化传递性）:language is passed on from generation to generation through teaching and learning rather than instinct 1) descriptive prescriptive 2) synchronic diachronic 3) langue parole 4) competence performance Ⅱ. Important Distinctions in Linguistics 1) Descriptive vs. Prescriptive Descriptive: describing how things are. prescriptive: prescribing how things ought to be 2). Synchronic vs. Diachronic synchronic: takes a fixed instant as its point of observation. diachronic: the study of a language through the course of its history. 3). Langue parole Theorist：Saussure（索绪尔）, father of modern linguistics langue: abstract linguistic system parole: actual realization of langue 4) Competence and performance theorist: Chomsky(乔姆斯基) competence: users knowledge