rank scale.pptVIP

Rank Scale Penny Scale and Category Grammar 1950s-1960s Halliday came up with this theory. Later, it was abandoned by Halliday but aroused by Fawcett. 3 scales: rank scale, scale of exponence and scale of delicacy 4 categories: unit, structure, class and system Rank Scale “级”相当于等级体系的概念，其意义位“包括”，指一个项目系统沿着一个单一的方面有联系，它必须包括某些形式上、逻辑上的先后次序，即由最高层的单位向最底层的单位移动，这离不开类的标准。作为等级体系的级该有多少单位因具体语言而异。有几点可以肯定：首先，它不能只有一个单位，理论上不允许；第二，理论上它可以只有两个单位。在这种情况下，总有一个单位是对语境作出陈述的项目，不妨成为“句”；另一个在级中属于下层的单位，是用来说明词汇的项目，不妨称作“词”。实际上总有些单位接近于“句”，或接近于“词”。 Rank scale: a hierarchical ordering of grammatical units such that a unit of a given rank normally consists of units of the next lower rank, as, in English, the ordering clause, group or phrase, word and morpheme. 一个有意义的语言单位可以在一个级上分出比它低一级的单位。 Rankshift （级转移） 级阶理论允许向下移动的级转移（rankshift），即一个已知单位可移至下一级，但下级单位不能上移。总之，一个单位可以包括一个在级阶上与自己相等或高于自己的单位，但不能包括在级阶上低于自己的单位。 Eg. (1)The boy who is standing there is my cousin. (高于) (2)Longman Dictionary of Applied Linguistics. （平级） Sentence vs. Clause Clause complexes: two or more clauses linked by coordination and/or subordination in a larger structural unit. This sounds very like the traditional description of a sentence. However, as you will know if you have ever tried to transcribe an informal conversation, the sentence is an idealization of the written language which it is often difficult to impose on spoken language. The term “sentence” is therefore best reserved to label stretches of written text bounded by full stops or the equivalent. Typically, written sentences correspond to clause complexes– but not always. A more theoretical reason for not combined into a complex unit, but the choices (slots) available in the second clause are basically the same as in the first. Limitations A: Did the team win? B: Yes. 它不承认“Yes”是包含一个语素的句子，而坚持这是一个句子包含一个小句，一个小句包含一个短语，短语包含一个词，然后这个词包含一个词素。（Butler, 1985:17） Scale “阶”（scale）思想。语言范畴关系涉及3个