德国功能学派.pptVIP

Terminology Communication “交际” Reiss：testtypen “文本类型 ” textsorten “语篇题材” Vermeer ：aim “目标” purpose “目的” intention “意图” function “功能” （Nord 认为，intention是从发送者角度；function“文本功能”，由接受者期望要求、已有知识和环境条件决定。） Nord认为， brief “(翻译)纲要”，commission “授权”， assignment “任务”，instruction “指导”， 都是同义词，指翻译委托人（initiator）对翻译提出的要求。 （Nord ,《译有所为——功能翻译理论阐释》，张美芳，王克非主译） Skopos Functionalist theorists conceive of translation as an action carried out by a person who has a specific communication goal, which is referred to as the text’s Skopos. (P.70, 2nd par.,6th line) Skopos Nord :Skopos rule as “the ends justify the means” Functionalists pragmatically ask only that translators strive for optimal solutions within actual existing conditions. Translators may choose …as they see fit, depending upon the cultural conditions and the needs of the audience / consumer. (P.71, 1st par.,1st line) Translators decide how. Skopos Who decides the goal (skopos)? The most innovative addition to the model is what functionalists call the “initiator”, who is largely responsible for defining and often paying for the translation. “Translation brief” gives the translator details — purpose, addressee, time, place, occasion, medium for the translation to follow. (P.73, 1st par., 10th line) Skopos For most practical purposes, the Skopos is negotiated between the client and the translator, with reference to both the source text and receiving audience. Even when no translation brief is officially articulated, …an unspoken brief that professional translators will be able to infer from their experience. (P.73, 2nd par.) Approaches can be varied still be true to the theory, as long as the approach chosen is adequate to the aim of the communication— translators flexibility to decide Empower translators, elevating them Blur the definitional boundaries of translation （P.71） Skopos Reiss : dependent upon identifying the source-text typologies, including t