gausss law - ucf physics高斯定律- ucf物理.PPTVIP

Gauss’s Law Electric Flux Electric Flux Electric Flux Gauss’s Law Is Gauss’s Law more fundamental than Coulomb’s Law? No! Here we derived Coulomb’s law for a point charge from Gauss’s law. One can instead derive Gauss’s law for a general (even very nasty) charge distribution from Coulomb’s law. The two laws are equivalent. Gauss’s law gives us an easy way to solve a few very symmetric problems in electrostatics. It also gives us great insight into the electric fields in and on conductors and within voids inside metals. Gauss’s Law A conductor is a material in which charges can move relatively freely. Usually these are metals (Au, Cu, Ag, Al). Excess charges (of the same sign) placed on a conductor will move as far from each other as possible, since they repel each other. For a charged conductor, in a static situation, all the charge resides at the surface of a conductor. For a charged conductor, in a static situation, the electric field is zero everywhere inside a conductor, and perpendicular to the surface just outside s Problem: Infinite charged plane Consider an infinite plane with a constant surface charge density s (which is some number of Coulombs per square meter). What is E at a point located a distance z above the plane? x y z Use symmetry! The electric field must point straight away from the plane (if s 0). Maybe the Magnitude of E depends on z, but the direction is fixed. And E is independent of x and y. E E E Gaussian “pillbox” s Problem: Infinite charged plane So choose a Gaussian surface that is a “pillbox”, which has its top above the plane, and its bottom below the plane, each a distance z from the plane. That way the observation point lies in the top. z z E E Gaussian “pillbox” s Problem: Infinite charged plane z z Let the area of the top and bottom be A. E E Gaussian “pillbox” s Problem: Infinite charged plane z z Let the area of the top and bottom be A. Total charge enclosed by box = E E Gaussian “pillbox” s Problem: Infinite