第2章原子结构和原子间的(免费阅读).ppt

Electron energy states are specified in terms of quantum numbers that give rise to electron shells and subshells. The electron configuration of an atom corresponds to the manner in which these shells and subshells are filled with electrons in compliance with the Pauli exclusion principle. 电子的能态按照量子数即电子所在的能级层或次能级层描述。电子在各能级层或次能级层的填充即原子的电子构型服从鲍利不相容原理。元素周期表是按照各种元素的价电子构型对所有元素进行的分类排列。 The periodic table of the elements is generated by arrangement of the various elements according to valence electron configuration. Atomic bonding in solids may be considered in terms of attractive and repulsive forces and energies. The three types of primary bond in solids are ionic, covalent, and metallic. For ionic bonds, electrically charged ions are formed by the transference of valence electrons from one atom type to another; forces are coulombic. There is a sharing of valence electrons between adjacent atoms when bonding is covalent. With metallic bonding, the valence electrons form a ‘‘sea of electrons’’ that is uniformly dispersed around the metal ion cores and acts as a form of glue for them. Both van der Waals and hydrogen bonds are termed secondary, being weak in comparison to the primary ones. They result from attractive forces between electric dipoles, of which there are two types—induced and permanent. For the hydrogen bond, highly polar molecules form when hydrogen covalently bonds to a nonmetallic element such as fluorine. 2.18 Offer an explanation as to why covalently bonded materials are generally less dense than ionically or metallically bonded ones. 2.21 Using Table 2.2, determine the number of covalent bonds that are possible for atoms of the following elements: germanium锗, phosphorus磷, selenium硒, and chlorine氯. 2.22 What type(s) of bonding would be expected for each of the following materials: brass (a copper-zinc alloy), rubber, barium sulfide (BaS), solid xenon, bronze, nylon, and aluminum phosphide (AlP)? 2.23 Explain why hydrogen fluoride (HF) has a hi