3细菌的遗传和变异精讲.pptVIP

* * * * Replicate independently from chromosome. Like the chromosome, they have the property of governing their own replication by means of special sequences and regulatory proteins, including a genetic region called ori (origin of replication) at which specific proteins initiate replication. Plasmids vary greatly in size----- Naturally occurring plasmids range from less than 5 million to more than 100 million daltons, but even the largest are only a few percent of the size of the bacterial chromosome. Plasmids vary greatly in the mode of control of their replication, from only a few molecules per cell to dozens of molecules per cell. (The number of molecules of a given plasmid that is present in a cell, called the copy number) * * * abuse * saline * capsid * Lysogenic lytic lysis progeny * prophage * * Guanine, benzpyrene,thymine * * * * * * * * * normal bacteriophage bacteriophage after contraction of sheath Lysogenic bacterium Assay for Lytic Phage Plaque assay Each plaque is the result of infection by a single phage particle. Assay for Lytic Phage Lytic phage are enumerated by a plaque assay. A plaque is a clear area resulted from the lysis of bacteria. The infectious particle that gives rise to a plaque is called a pfu (plaque forming unit). Application of Bacteriophage Used in treatment of bacterial infections Used for the identification of pathogenic bacteria (phage typing) Used in molecular biology Bacterial variation Mutations: are heritable changes in the structure of genes. Gene transfer: (or genetic exchange): The process that external genetic elements are transferred from donor bacteria into recipient bacteria is called ~. Transformation: Transduction: Conjugation: Lysogenic conversion: Protoplast fusion: one-way transfer of DNA from a donor cell to a recipient cell. What happens to DNA after it gets into the cell? Gene recombination: Transferred gene is integrated with recipient DNA，which is called ~. . Mechanism of bacterial varia