chapter_01_final_version教案.ppt

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Measurement level for variable Examples of Measurement Scales Rationale for identify measurement level Applying the Concepts The chart shows the number of job-related injuries for each of the transportation industries for 1998. Population and sample POPULATION SAMPLE A population consists of all subjects (human or otherwise) that are being studied. A sample is a group of subjects selected from a population. Parameter and statistic PARAMETER STATISTIC A parameter is a value, usually a numerical value, that describes a population. A parameter may be obtained from a single measurement, or it may be derived from a set of measurements from the population. A statistic is a value, usually a numerical value, that describes a sample. A statistic may be obtained from a single measurement, or it may be derived from a set of measurements from the sample. 4 Two branches of statistics Descriptive Statistics Involves Collecting Data Presenting Data Characterizing Data Purpose Describe Data Inferential Statistics Involves Estimation Hypothesis Testing Purpose Make Decisions About Population Characteristics Population? Estimation Hypothesis Testing e.g. statistics in experiment research e.g. statistics in experiment research(2) Applying the Concepts A study conducted at ** College revealed that students who attended class 95 to 100% of the time usually received an A in the class. Students who attended class 80 to 90% of the time usually received a B or C in the class. Students who attended class less than 80% of the time usually received a D or an F or eventually withdrew from the class. Based on this information, attendance and grades are related. The more you attend class, the more likely it is you will receive a higher grade. If you improve your attendance, your grades will probably improve. Many factors affect your grade in a course. One factor that you have considerable control over is attendance. You can increase