深层语法之虚拟.docVIP

2014.08.27 课时第二十九 动词虚拟式 一、虚拟式的语义特征 虚拟式( The subjunctive mood /Thought mood) 是用来表示主观愿望或不大可能实现的假想的虚拟情况的一种说话方式。 (一) 真实条件句与虚拟条件句对比 真实条件句 如: If you touch me, I’ll scream.如果你摸我, 我就尖叫。( 这是真的) If he told you that last night, John was lying.如果约翰昨夜跟你那样说了, 那他是在撒谎。( 真的说过了) 虚拟条件句 如: If you beat me, I’d scream.假如你现在打了我, 我就尖叫了。( 与现在相反, 不是真的) If he had told you that last night, John would have been lying. 倘若约翰昨夜跟你那样说了, 那就是他撒谎了。( 与过去相反, 实际并没说) (二) 含蓄虚拟条件句 虚拟的条件不一定是条件从句, 也可以是用介词短语或非限定分句( 动词不定式、动名词、分词) 等表现的条件状语。这种虚拟式的句子往往是简单句。这种缩短了的或凝练的条件句( Condensed Conditional Sentences ) 称作含蓄条件句( Sentences of Implied Condition) , 多用于正式文件如: It would be a pity for you to miss the show. = If you missed the show, it would be a pity. 倘若你误了这次展(演) 出的机会, 那将会是一件憾事。( for you to miss 不定式词组表示含蓄虚拟条件) Reading without thorough comprehension wouldn’t do you much good. 读书若不求甚解, 对你是不会有很大帮助的。 ( Reading. . . , 动名词组表示含蓄虚拟条件 Ten years ago, I could have swum across the Channel. 若在十年前, 我可以游过英吉利海峡。( Ten years ago, 时间状语表示含蓄虚拟句的条件) 二、虚拟式的用法特征 虚拟式共分两大类型: were 型和be 型。 ( 一) were 型虚拟式 指动词谓语用各种过去时态之一。若动词谓语是be 动词, 则各人称一律用were, 不规范的英语句子中也有人用was。were 型用于表示自己的主观假设, 句中常隐藏有一个“ 暗含的否定”。were 型虚拟式用于下列句型: 1. 带副词从句的复合句或带状语的简单句 ( 1) If I were a bird, I would fly to you. 假如我现在是一只鸟儿, 我就会飞到你身边。( 暗含的否定是: I’m not a bird, so I can’t fly to you. ) If I were not a teacher , I would beat you. 假如我现在不是教师, 我就会揍你一顿。( 暗含的否定: I am a teacher, so I can not beat you. ) 此外还可使用下列if 的同义词、近义词或反义词引导的虚拟条件句:Suppose / Supposing /What if I accepted his offer, what would you say? But that you helped us, we should have failed. (暗含的否定是: You helped us, so we succeeded. ) If the sun stopped shining, living things would perish. 如果太阳停止发光, 一切生物都会死亡。 In case of your help( = If you helped me) , I would finish the job ahead of two days. 如果你帮助我, 我就会提前两天结束这一工作。( in case 所引导的从句如果是必然发生的事实, 也可用陈述式。) 如: Take warm clothes in case the weather is cold.拿上棉衣吧! 以防天气变冷。 She worried for fear ( that) the child would be hurt. 她很忧虑, 惟恐孩子会受伤。( for fear 所引导的从句如果是必然发生的事实, 从句谓语也可以用陈述式。 Tak