英国政治,经济体制英国政治,经济体制.doc

Survey unit 4 Government and politics Constitutional monarchy 君主立宪制and parliamentary democracy代议制民主 800 years developing- power – monarch, lords领主，君主，贵族，上帝 people Constitution 1 constitutional monarchy 2 parliamentary sovereignty君主- unlimited to make or umake any law 3 representitive democracy代议制民主- people voting rights 4 the rule of law All flexible enough to evolve演变. Monarchy Longest reigning 统治in world. Now purely ceremonial仪式的 functions PAGE 44 Parliament One of oldest in world 3 parts- 1 crown 2 house of lords 3 house of commons Job is to create, abolish, ammend修改，修订 laws, vote on taxation课税+expenditure花费, examine government policies and debate issues Max duration持续，持续的时间，期间 of a government 5 years House of commons下议院 (real power) read PAGE　４５　 ｂｉｌｌｓ　ｏｒ　ａｃｔｓ　ｈａｖｅ　ｔｏ　ｇｏ　ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ　ＨＯＣ　３　ｔｉｍｅｓ，　ｉｆ　ｐａｓｓ　ｔｈｉｓ　ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ　ｉｓ　ｒｅｐｅａｔｅｄ　ｆｏｒ　ｔｈｅ　ＨＯＬ－　ｔｈｅｎ　ｂｅｃｏｍｅｓ　ａ　ｌａｗ． ｈｏｕｓｅ　ｏｆ　ｌｏｒｄｓ下议院 ｎｏｔ　ｄｅｍｏｃｒａｔｉｃａｌｌｙ　ｅｌｅｃｔｅｄ　ｈｅｎｃｅ　ｐｏｗｅｒ　ｒｅｄｕｃｅｄ－　ｍｏｒｅ　ｆｏｒ　ｄｅｂａｔｅ　ａｎｄ　ｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｓ　ａｓ　ｈｉｇｈｅｓｔ　ｃｏｕｒｔ　ｏｆ　ａｐｐｅａｌ＇ Ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ　 ｃｅｎｔｒａｌ／ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ　ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ　ａｎｄ　ｌｏｃａｌ（ｃｏｕｎｔｙ　ａｎｄ　ｄｉｓｔｒｉｃｔ）　 ＨＭ　ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ，　ｂａｓｅｄ　ａｔ　Ｗｈｉｔｅｈａｌｌ　ｌｏｎｄｏｎ． ＰＭ　ｉｓ　ｌｅａｄｅｒ　ｏｆ　ｔｈｅ　ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ　ｐａｒｔｙ　ｔｈａｔ　ｈｏｌｄｓ　ｔｈｅ　ｍｏｓｔ　ｓｅａｔｓ　ｉｎ　ｔｈｅ　ＨＯＣ，　ｈｅ／ｓｈｅ　ｆｏｒｍｓ　ａ　ｃａｂｉｎｅｔ　ｏｆ　ｍｉｎｉｓｔｅｒｓ　（２０　ｍｏｓｔ　ｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔ　ｄｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔ　ｌｅａｄｅｒｓ）　 ｄｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｓ　ｓｔａｆｆｅｄ　ｂｙ　ｃｉｖｉｌ　ｓｅｒｖａｎｔｓ　（ｐｏｉｔｉｃａｌｌｙ　ｎｅｕｔｒａｌ） ｌｏｃａｌ　ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ　ａｎｄ　ｄｅｖｏｌｕｔｉｏｎ ５３　ｃｏｕｎｔｉｅｓ，　３６９　ｄｉｓｔｒｉｃｔｓ．ｈａｖｅ　ｌｏｃａｌｌｙ　ｅｌｅｃｔｅｄ　ｃｏｕｎｃｉｌｓ　ＢＵＴ controlled by laws and policies of national government 1990s – policy of devolution Political parties and elections Presently 3 main parties- labour, conservative and liberal democrats BUT　ａｌｓｏ　ｍａｎｙ　ｓｍａｌｌｅｒ　ｏｎｅｓ． ｅｌｅｃｔｉｏｎｓ　 Ｕｋ　ｄｉｖｉｄｅｄ　ｉｎｔｏ　６５９　ｃｏｎｓｔｉｔｕｅｎｃｉｅｓ，　ｅａｃｈ　ｐｒｏｖｉｄｅｓ　ｏｎｅ　ＭＰ　（　ｗｈａｔｅｖｅｒ　ｐａｒｔｙ　ｔｈｅ　ｐｅｏｐｌｅ　ｖｏｔｅ　ｆｏｒ） ｅｖｅｒｙｏｎｅ　ｏｖｅｒ　１８　ｈａｓ　ｔｈｅ　ｖｏｔｅ ｖｏｔｉｎｇ　ｉｓ　ｎｏｔ　ｃｏｍｐｕｌｓｏｒｙ ｃａｎｄｉｄａｔｅｓ－　ａｎｙｏｎｅ　ｏｖｅｒ　１８－　ｄｏ　ｎｏｔ　ＨＡＶＥ　ｔｏ　ｊｏｉｎ　ａ　ｐａｒｔｙ　ｃａｎ　ｂｅ　ｉｎｄｅｐｅｎｄｅｎｔ　 ｃａｎｄｉｄａｔｅ　ｗｉｔｈ　ｔｈｅ　ｍｏｓｔ　ｖｏｔｅｓ　ｅｌｅｃｔｅｄ　ｔｏ　ＨＯＣ　ｔｏ　ｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔ　ｔｈｅｉｒ　ｐａｒｔｉｃｕｌａｒ　ｃｏｎｓｔｉｕｅｎｃｙ　 5 judicar