10- penn state mechanical engineering（10 -宾州立机械工程）.doc

Chapter 11. Mechanical Behavior of Materials 11.1 Introduction 2 11.2. Mechanical Testing 2 11.2.1. Uniaxial Tensile Loading Test 2 11.2.2. Biaxial Testing: Tube Burst 6 11.2.3. The Von Mises Equivalent Stress 7 11.2.4. Hardness Testing 10 11.2.5. Impact Testing 11 11.3 Microstructural Aspects of Deformation 12 11.3.1. Critical Resolved Shear Stress and the Yield Stress 12 11.3.2. Dislocations as cause of work hardening 15 11.3.3. Yield Strength Increase Mechanisms 15 11.4. Creep Deformation 17 Larson-Miller Plots 18 11.4.1 Creep Mechanisms 20 Thermally enhanced glide 20 Thermally induced dislocation glide (Climb and glide mechanism) 20 Stress Induced Diffusional Flow Difference (Nabarro-Herring Creep): 20 Coble Creep: 20 11.5. Material Fracture 22 11.5.1. Ductile Failure by Diffuse Necking: The Considère Criterion 22 11.5.2. Ductile Fracture 23 11.5.3. Fracture due to Crack Growth 26 Griffith Fracture Theory 26 Problems 30 References 33 11.1 Introduction When in service, materials may be subjected to loads of various intensities, types and duration. The response of the material to these applied loads is termed the mechanical behavior of the material, and it is one of the most important factors to be considered for materials design. The most important questions to be answered are: How and when does the material undergo permanent deformation? When does the material fracture or otherwise fail? These apparently simple questions encompass the range of questions addressed in the field of mechanical behavior of materials. The questions have different answers depending on whether the load is applied quickly or over a period of time, whether the material is pulled in one or in more than one direction at once (uniaxial or multi-axial loading), whether the load is cyclic, and whether there are pre-existing flaws on the material. The ability of the material to resist deformation and failure under such conditions is measured by various mechanical properties, such