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EUROPEAN COMMISSION EURO-MEDITERRANEAN PARTNERSHIP Development of Tools and Guidelines for the Promotion of the Sustainable Urban Wastewater Treatment and Reuse in the Agricultural Production in the Mediterranean Countries (MEDAWARE) Task 4: Urban Wastewater Treatment Technologies Part I December 2004 Table of contents Table of contents 1 List of Tables 4 List of Figures 7 1. Introduction 9 2. Wastewater 11 2a. Origin and Composition 11 2b. Domestic Wastewater 12 2c. Wastewater Flowrate 14 2d. Impact of Wastewater (Untreated) 14 3. Wastewater Treatment 16 3a. Types of Reactors 17 3b. Flow Regimes 19 3c. Process Selection 20 4. Unit Processes and Operations of Wastewater Treatment 25 5. Preliminary Treatment 34 5a. Coarse Solids Reduction 34 i. Screening 34 ii. Comminutors 36 iii. Macerators 36 iv. Grinders 37 5b. Grit Removal 37 i. Horizontal Flow Grit Chambers 38 ii. Aerated Grit Chambers 38 iii. Vortex-type Grit Chambers 39 5c. Flow Equalisation 39 6. Primary Treatment 41 6a. Sedimentation Basins 41 i. Rectangular Tanks 41 ii. Circular Tanks 43 Performance 44 Important Design Considerations 45 High-Rate Clarification 45 6b. Flotation 46 i. Dissolved air flotation 46 ii. Dispersed air flotation 46 Chemical Additives 47 7. Secondary Treatment 48 7a. Activated Sludge 48 Process Description 48 Process Options 50 Comparison of Process Options 54 Effluent Characteristics 55 Secondary Clarification for Activated Sludge 56 7b. Trickling Filter 56 Process Description 57 Process Options 58 Effluent Characteristics 59 7c. Rotating Biological Contactor 60 Unit Description 60 Process Options 62 Process Advantages and Disadvantages 62 Effluent Characteristics 63 7d. Lagoons 63 Process Description 63 Process Options 65 Comparison of Process Options 67 Typical Applications 67 7e. Anaerobic Processes 68 i. Anaerobic Digestion 68 ii. Low-Rate Anaerobic Processes 69 iii. High-Rate Anaerobic Processes 70 iv. Solids Fermentation Processes 75 Comparison of Anae